Once one views international relations through the lens of sex and biology, it never again looks the same. It is very difficult to watch Muslims and Serbs in Bosnia, Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda, or militias from Liberia and Sierra Leone to Georgia and Afghanistan divide themselves up into what seem like indistinguishable male-bonded groups in order to systematically slaughter one another, and no...

Abstract How do civilian protection payments to militias affect the dynamics of communal conflict? Building on literature conflict, agency, rebel taxation, and criminal extortion, I argue that payment is not a sustainable self-protection strategy. Civilian refers an arrangement whereby communities pay levies for against attacks, often buying temporary safety. Drawing fieldwork in Nigeria’s conf...

The article examines the activities of justice peace English county Norfolk Nathaniel Bacon on formation militia in late 16th and early 17th centuries. Analysis his “notes”, correspondence with representatives central government other documents shows that was involved many issues armament militias. He reported regularly these matters to Privy Coun cil. In center attention collection monies from...

Militias are violent actors, shown to be self-serving, and consistently act as spoilers of peace. So far, research has focused on their use instrumental violence directly undermine peace talks. Yet, militias have alternative, more indirect ways As such, we seek explore whether spoil by preventing nonviolent resistance (NVR) events, which previously been associated with an increased likelihood d...