Waste management studies are usually done using calibrated and verified water quality models. Ravi River located in Lahore, Pakistan is receiving untreated wastewater from number of outfalls and surface drains and thus model calibration and verification are done using the data under the prevailing conditions. The water quality objectives can only be met with wastewater treatment wherein the mod...

A model for the simulation of nitrification in activated sludge is presented and calculations are compared with experimental results from different sources. The role of protozoa and the influence of reactor type and of diurnal variations in flow and strength of the sewage are considered. Favorable conditions for nitrification are low rates of sludge wasting, high temperatures, plug-flow-type re...

this research was done in order to determine the basic criteria for “tehran oil refinery effluemt treatmentunit” to prove the feasibility of the application of powdered activated carbon in aeration zone of activated sludge system. the main stages of this research included: determination of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of raw wastewater preparation of two pilot scale units of act...

criminal procedure bill resolve all defects and vagueness’s of current law about people benefiting the right to liberty and security of person and by complete omission of chances ending in compulsory detention and also omission of all compulsory detentions in all groundwork except for laws applying to armed forces, emphasized the necessity of justification of temporary detention and also reduct...

The Australian system of mandatory detention of asylum-seekers has become increasingly controversial. Insofar as commentary on detention has been framed historically, critics have pointed to Australia’s race-based exclusionary laws and policies over the twentieth century. In this article, we suggest that exclusion and detention are not equivalent practices, even if they are often related. Here ...

When an individual experiences a mental health crisis, Virginia law permits that individual to be detained up to 48-hours plus weekends and holidays for evaluation and emergency treatment under a temporary detention order (TDO). After 48-hours, authorities must hold a civil commitment hearing. The four possible hearing outcomes are dismissal of the commitment petition, mandatory outpatient trea...

Background Detention of immigrants negatively affects their health and well-being. Quality of life (QOL) is a broad concept incorporating the self-evaluation of one's own health and well-being that can provide an understanding of the health and well-being of immigrant detainees. The aim of this study was to estimate QOL among immigrant detainees in Sweden and to assess its relationship with the...

The end of World War II ushered in a new era of international commitment to provide humane protection to all people fleeing persecution. This decade, however, has witnessed a steady erosion of that ethos, the most disturbing change being the tendency to confine asylum seekers in detention centres in countries of the West. Many of these people have suffered torture and other abuses, raising part...

Flood detention areas serve the primary purpose of controlled water storage during large flood events in order to decrease the flood risk downstream along the river. These areas are often used for agricultural production. While various damage estimation methods exist for urban areas, there are only a few, most often simpler approaches for loss estimation in rural areas. The loss assessment can ...