The enormity of the problem of deteriorating pipeline infrastructure is widely apparent. Since a complete rebuilding of the piping system is not financially realistic, municipal and utility operators require the ability to monitor the condition of buried pipes. Thus, reliable pipeline assessment and management tools are necessary to develop long term cost effective maintenance, repair, and reha...

The expense of repair and maintenance of private and public sewage systems in Germany runs to about 100 billion US $. This primarily affects concrete pipes and brickwork sewers. Approximately 40 per cent of the damage can be attributed to corrosion by biogenous sulfuric acid attack as a result of long flow periods and insufficient ventilation of waste water. The report deals with investigations...

This paper examines the effect of water-borne lead exposure on infant mortality in American cities over the period 1900-1920. Infants are highly sensitive to lead, and more broadly are a marker for current environmental conditions. The effects of lead on infant mortality are identified by variation across cities in water acidity and the types of service pipes that the water ran through – lead, ...

Received: 22 December 2004 Accepted: 8 March 2005 Published online: 17 June 2005 Springer-Verlag 2005 Abstract Coastal areas of Hong Kong Island are one of the most extensively urbanized areas in the world. Groundwater samples in natural slopes and developed spaces in the regions centered by the MidLevels area, Hong Kong Island, were collected and analyzed to investigate the natural and anthrop...