BACKGROUND While demographic shifts project an increased need for long-term care for an aging population, hundreds of nursing homes close each year. We examine whether nursing home closures are geographically concentrated and related to local community characteristics such as the racial and ethnic population mix and poverty. METHODS National Online Survey Certification and Reporting data were...

Natural Resource Damage Assessment cases often call for compensation in nonmonetary or restoration equivalent terms. In this article, we present an approach that uses a conventional economic model, a travel cost random utility model of site choice, to determine compensatory restoration equivalents for hypothetical beach closures on the Gulf Coast of Texas. Our focus is on closures of beaches on...

We present a new framework for assessing the effects of hospital closures on social welfare and the local economy. While patient welfare necessarily declines when patients lose access to a hospital, closures also tend to reduce costs. We study five hospital closures in two states and find that urban hospital bailouts reduce aggregate social welfare: on balance, the cost savings from closures mo...

Characterizations of Egalitarian Characterizations of Egalitarian Characterizations of Egalitarian Characterizations of Egalitarian Binary Relations as Transitive Closures Binary Relations as Transitive Closures Binary Relations as Transitive Closures Binary Relations as Transitive Closures-with a special reference to Lo with a special reference to Lo with a special reference to Lo with a speci...

We discuss structural and thermodynamical properties of Baxter's adhesive hard sphere model within a class of closures which includes the Percus-Yevick (PY) one. The common feature of all these closures is to have a direct correlation function vanishing beyond a certain range, each closure being identified by a different approximation within the original square-well region. This allows a common...

Environments and closures are two of the main ingredients of evaluation in lambdacalculus. A closure is a pair consisting of a lambda-term and an environment, whereas an environment is a list of lambda-terms assigned to free variables. In this paper we investigate some dynamic aspects of evaluation in lambda-calculus considering the quantitative, combinatorial properties of environments and clo...

We propose a new language concept called “L-closures” for a running program to legitimately inspect/modify the contents of its execution stack. L-closures are lightweight lexical closures created by evaluating nested function definitions. A lexical closure can access the lexicallyscoped variables in the creation-time environment and indirect calls to it provide legitimate stack access. By using...

Introduction The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends implementing early targeted school closures as one of the front-line interventions to slow progression of a severe influenza pandemic before appropriate vaccine becomes available. However, prolonged school closures may impose unintended economic and social costs and consequences to students’ families. These costs and c...

BACKGROUND Japan has implemented various school actions during seasonal influenza outbreaks since the 1950's under the School Health Law. However, the effective duration, extent, and timing of closures remain unresolved. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective study on the relationship between elementary class closures and influenza outbreak control during four consecutive influenz...

The downward and upward closures of a regular language L are obtained by collecting all the subwords and superwords of its elements, respectively. The downward and upward interiors of L are obtained dually by collecting words having all their subwords and superwords in L, respectively. We provide lower and upper bounds on the size of the smallest automata recognizing these closures and interior...