population in all countries plays a fundamental role in economic growth and economic development. but besides absolute size and growth rate of population, the more important factor will be “age structure” or “age distribution” of population, because it can be as source of many economical, social, and political challenges. in this research, we investigate effect of changes in population shares i...

the relationship between economic growth and developments in the ‎financial sector has been one of the most discussed areas in economics ‎for a long time; and the direction of causality – whether financial ‎development causes economic growth or vice versa – is by no means a ‎settled issue.‎this paper investigates the short- run and long-run granger causality ‎between financial development and e...

this paper examines the causal relationship between energy use and real gdp for the period 1967-2002 in iran. the results of phillips- perron test indicate that the real gdp and the four categories of energy, i.e. coal, oil, gas, and hydroelectric energy are integrated of order one. besides, the johansen — juselius maximum likelihood co- integration tests imply the existence of granger causalit...

this paper investigates the relationship between total energy consumption and gdp in six countries of the middle east , including iran,pakistan,saudi arabia,oman,bahrain and the united arab emirates. the data are annual and spanning the period 1980-2012.we employed hsiao’s (1981) methodology to examine causality relation between total energy consumption and gdp.the empirical findings show a uni...

development of financial markets as an important factor in the economic growth process always has been of interest to economists. the purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between regional financial development and economic growth. this study uses provincial annual data over the period 2000-2011 by using panel data technique. the panel co integration techniques have been used to te...

T his study evaluates the causality relationship between human capital and foreign direct investment inflow in twenty-six OIC (the Organization of Islamic Cooperation) countries over the period 1970–2014. We employed the panel Granger non-causality testing approach of Kònya (2006) that is based on seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) systems, and Wald tests with country specific boot...

A unifying framework for the study of causal relations is presented. The causal relations are regarded as subset of M × M and the role of the corresponding antisymmetry conditions in the construction of the causal ladder is stressed. The causal hierarchy of spacetime is built from chronology up to K-causality and new characterizations of the distinction and strong causality properties are obtai...

Hawking’s stable causality implies Sorkin and Woolgar’s K-causality. The work investigates the possible equivalence between the two causality requirements, an issue which was first considered by H. Seifert and then raised again by R. Low after the introduction of K-causality. First a new proof is given that a spacetime is stably causal iff the Seifert causal relation is a partial order. It is t...

This paper examines the causal relationship between energy use and real GDP for the period 1967-2002 in Iran. The results of Phillips- Perron test indicate that the real GDP and the four categories of energy, i.e. coal, oil, gas, and hydroelectric energy are integrated of order one. Besides, the Johansen — Juselius maximum likelihood co- integration tests imply the existence of Granger causalit...