We studied the effect of adjunct displays on recall in an expository text (based on McCrudden, Schraw, Lehman, & Poliquin, 2007) in order to find out which means of display aided pupils in the last years of secondary school to recall information. We included four conditions in the experiment: text only, text and causal diagram, text and images and causal diagram only. Participants were checked ...

conditional  methods  of adjustment  are often used to quantify  the effect  of the exposure on the outcome.  as  a  result,  the  stratums-specific  risk  ratio  estimates  are  reported  in  the  presence  of interaction   between   exposure  and  confounder(s)   in  the  literature,  even  if  the  target  of  the intervention on the exposure is the total population and the interaction itsel...

Introduction: A hospital is one of society’s most important social institutions; however, poor organizational performance results in delayed treatment, disease progression, or patient mortality. This qualitative study seeks to investigate organizational excellence in Iranian medical sciences universities from the perspective of hospital managers. Material and Methods: The present qualitative s...

One of the most fundamental problems in causal inference is the estimation of a causal effect when treatment and outcome are confounded. This is difficult in an observational study, because one has no direct evidence that all confounders have been adjusted for. We introduce a novel approach for estimating causal effects that exploits observational conditional independencies to suggest “weak” pa...

The causal Markov condition (CMC) plays an important role in much recent work on the problem of causal inference from statistical data. It is commonly thought that the CMC is a more problematic assumption for genuinely indeterministic systems than for deterministic ones. In this essay, I critically examine this proposition. I show how the usual motivation for the CMC—that it is true of any acyc...

This paper argues that the current way in which the undergraduate introductory econometrics course is taught is neither inline with current empirical practice nor very intuitive. It proposes a shift in focus of the course on causal inference using the Roy-Rubin Causal Model (RRCM). A second theme of the paper is the suggestion to use random regressors from the start to improve the ability of st...