poetry writing has been characterized by spontaneity and intuition, but this spontaneity was neither pure nor innocent, for the poet had to carefully scheme his poetry, urged by his aspiration to be as elevated as his diction and craft could be, together with the competitive spirit which naturally reigns over poetic genius. the poet, thus, had to pursue means which could allow him achieve maste...

the relations of abbasid state and bizans empire were more hostile in rashid era. on the other hand, the good understanding of abbasid and westerns was one of the most important reasons of this hostility because they were very frightened of their cooperation and this factor continued until mamun era. great sharlman succeeded his father, pepin, and in this era, his relation with ghostantaniyyeh ...

one of the aims of politics is the prevention of violence and establishment of peace. in the twentieth century, political thinkers and scholars in diplomacy and international law have devised various techniques to achieve this aim. however, such an attempt has not been limited to the modern era, and classic thinkers both in the east and the west have also thought about such techniques. ibn-i fa...

in the 2nd half of the 6th century a.h., when the isma'ili caliphate in egypt was in the worst political situation, a series of political sunni figures managed to reach the important position of vizara some times. they, who were sympathetic towards the sunni caliphate of abbasids in baghdad and eventually made the fatimid caliphate to fall, during their vizara for fatimid dynasty, had to h...

The development of Hisab-Rukyah is not widely disclosed academically because Falak Science does currently have its place in society. Hisab Rukyah, course, must be re-expressed to show that this science has had a special the midst Islamic history. reckoning rukyah at time Prophet Muhammad was still level worship and simple. At Companions, also much different, but during Caliph `Umar Ibn Khattab ...