Thanks to multiple recirculation of process water, the German paper industry has succeeded in decreasing the specific fresh water demand from an average of 50 m3/t thirty years ago to 13 m3/t today. Although the increasing closure of white water loops creates many problems, it is bound to be part of the German paper industry's ongoing development. For a few years, in the production of packaging...

Water security is one of the significant challenges that many countries worldwide face. In context population growth, climate change, and environmental pollution today, issue water more urgent than ever for countries. recent years, in Mekong River Basin has been facing great challenges, potentially leading to disputes conflicts between involved. From a regional perspective, article clarifies re...

No public policy issue is more important than the structure and level of taxes. Governments have fallen because of tax reform. Proposals to extend the value-added tax (VAT) or increase its rates have caused po liti cal agitation in many countries, including Ec ua dor and Mexico. In many less-developed countries, a shortage of funds impedes development eff orts, yet attempts to increase tax reve...

Ecosystem restoration efforts have become a booming business in China. Billions of dollars are being spent annually to restore polluted waterways and ecosystems that have been degraded, fragmented, or paved over (Fu et al. 2007; Wang et al. 2007). However, China’s environmental sustainability index remains among the lowest in the world (World Bank 2009; Liu 2010). For all the money spent, there...

World Kidney Day on March 8th, 2012, provides a chance to reflect on the success of kidney transplantation as a therapy for end-stage kidney disease that surpasses dialysis treatments, both for the quality and quantity of life, that it provides and for its cost effectiveness. Anything that is both cheaper and better, but is not actually the dominant therapy, must have other drawbacks that preve...

World Kidney Day on March 8, 2012, provides a chance to reflect on the success of kidney transplantation as a therapy for end-stage kidney disease, which surpasses dialysis treatments both for the quality and quantity of life it provides and for its cost effectiveness. Anything that is both cheaper and better but is not actually the dominant therapy, must have other drawbacks that prevent repla...

Access to appropriate health care is often difficult for people living in rural areas because of a widespread shortage of appropriately educated local, rural healthcare workers and the distance, time and cost of travelling to larger urban health centres. This shortage is due to many factors including medical education, practice conditions, health system, regulatory, community, personal, family ...

INTRODUCTION Doctors' shortage has remained a concern worldwide. The developed countries started aids to recruit international medical graduates (IMG) to cope with the defects that the health care system suffers from; however, this solution may not work in developing countries that have a limited resource and poor budget to spend on the health care system. This study aims to present an alternat...

The growing awareness of housing problems Ten years ago it was possible, and even fashionable, for local officials and civic leaders in American cities to deny the existence of slums or other basic housing problems in their communities. Today the shortage of housing is known to every school child, and most cities possess both emergency and long-term machinery for housing betterment. The past de...