During infection, the release of damage-associated molecular patterns, so-called "alarmins," orchestrates the immune response. The alarmin IL-33 plays a role in a wide range of pathologies. Upon release, IL-33 signals through its receptor ST2, which reportedly is expressed only on CD4(+) T cells of the Th2 and regulatory subsets. Here we show that Th1 effector cells also express ST2 upon differ...

T helper cell type 1 (Th1) and 2 (Th2) play central roles in immune regulation. To identify the novel genes differentially expressed between Th1 and Th2 cells, CD4+ T cells were isolated from DO11.10 transgenic mice and induced under Th1 or Th2 conditions. Microarray showed differential expression of neutrophilic granule proteins (NGP) between Th1 and Th2 cells. NGP was first identified as a my...

Commitment of T helper 1 (Th1) or Th2 populations developing during an immune response to a pathogen, or an inappropriate immune response to an allergen or autoantigen, may determine the difference between health and chronic disease. We show that strongly polarized Th1 and Th2 populations assessed by immunoassay are heterogeneous using flow cytometry to detect single cells producing interferon ...

Dendritic cells (DC) initiate the differentiation of CD4+ helper T cells into effector cells including Th1 and Th17 responses that play an important role in inflammation and autoimmune disease pathogenesis. In mice, Th1 and Th17 responses are regulated by different conventional (c) DC subsets, with cDC1 being the main producers of IL-12p70 and inducers of Th1 responses, while cDC2 produce IL-23...

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), an important complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), is not well understood. T helper cell balance (Th1/Th2) is involved in various autoimmune diseases; however, its role in DR is not understood. This study explores changes in Th1 and Th2 cytokine expression during DR. Blood samples were collected from 25 healthy volunteers (normal control group), 35 patients with typ...

BACKGROUND A chronic immune response involving proinflammatory T helper cell 1 (Th1) lymphocyte activation occurs in the atherosclerotic lesion, but whether this activation is protective or deleterious remains unclear. Methods and Results-- We modulated the immune response of the atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mouse. Eight-week-old apoE(-/-) mice were treated daily...

The recruitment of T cells into the skin is regulated by chemokines released by resident cells. In this study, we found that normal human keratinocytes activated with Th1-derived supernatant (sup) expressed early (6-12 h) IP-10/CXCL10, MCP-1/CCL2, IL-8/CXCL8, and I-309/CCL1 mRNAs and with slower kinetics (24-96 h), RANTES/CCL5 and MDC/CCL22 mRNAs. Upon stimulation with the Th1 sup, keratinocyte...

Although IL-18 was initially regarded as a factor that enhances IFN-gamma production from Th1 cells, later studies revealed its potential to induce Th2 cytokine production from T cells, NK cells and basophils/mast cells. Very recently, we demonstrated that passively transferred memory phenotype Th1 cells induce airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in a host mouse by production of Th1-, T...

Localization of circulating lymphocytes to a site of inflammation is paramount for the development and maintenance of an immune response. In vitro studies using cell lines have previously demonstrated that rolling and adhesion of lymphocytes on endothelium requires CD44 interactions with hyaluronan (HA). To date, whether CD44 has a role in mediating CD4(+)-polarized T-helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 lym...

Interferon (IFN)-β is a front-line therapy for the treatment of the relapsing-remitting form of multiple sclerosis. However, its immunosuppressive mechanism of function remains incompletely understood. While it has been proposed that IFN-β suppresses the function of inflammatory myelin antigen-reactive T cells by promoting the release of immunomodulatory cytokines such as IL-27 from antigen-pre...