Cognitive scientists distinguish between automatic and controlled mental processes. Automatic processes are either innately involuntary or become automatized through extensive practice. For example, reading words is a purportedly automatic process for proficient readers and the Stroop effect is consequently considered the "gold standard" of automated performance. Although the question of whethe...

El ajedrez ha demostrado promover el desarrollo de habilidades intelectuales y emocionales en quienes lo practican. Por su parte, la inhibición cognitiva forma parte las denominadas Funciones Ejecutivas, mismas que tienen lugar corteza prefrontal del cerebro. La presente investigación tuvo por objetivo determinar diferencias respecto al nivel habilidad entre alumnos practican no ajedrez. paradi...

Research on the acute effects of exercise on cognitive performance by older adults is limited by a focus on nonhealthy populations. Furthermore, the duration of cognitive improvements after exercise has not been examined. Thus, this study was designed to test the immediate and delayed effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance of healthy older adults. Cognitive performance was assessed ...

Using a Stroop matching task, we evaluated how alcohol affects the time needed to overcome Stroop conflict and whether practice might reverse the effect of alcohol. Participants (n = 16) performed two sessions in which they had to compare the color of a color-word with the meaning of a color-word in neutral color. The two task stimuli were presented simultaneously or with a Stimulus Onset Async...

Three studies investigated the veracity of a resource depletion account of the impairment of inhibitory task performance after interracial contact. White individuals engaged in either an interracial or same-race interaction, then completed an ostensibly unrelated Stroop color-naming test. In each study, the self-regulatory demands of the interaction were either increased (Study 1) or decreased ...

We examine the conditions that lead to Stroop interference for a meaningless linguistic label. Tiffany’s cognitive model of drug abuse implies that individuals will respond more slowly to drugrelated words compared to neutral words in an emotional Stroop task, because the former have many automatic associations (e.g. positive expectancies). To examine this proposal, we trained participants to a...

The rich empirical puzzle of the Stroop effect has traditionally been approached with narrowly focused and somewhat atheoretical models. A recent exception is a simulation model based on the WEAVER++ language theory. The present model, WACT, combines components of WEAVER++ with the memory and control processes of the ACT-R cognitive theory. WACT accounts for the time course of inhibition from i...

To clarify whether hypnotically-induced alexia was able to reduce the Stroop effect due to color/word interference, 12 volunteers (6 with high and 6 with low hypnotizability according to Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale Form C) underwent a Stroop test consisting of measuring, both in basal conditions and during post-hypnotic alexia, the reaction times (RT) at appearance of a colored word ...

People have difficulty performing two tasks at once. For example, maintaining items in working memory (WM) makes people more distractible. However, different types of WM load may have different effects on attentional selection depending on whether WM load overlaps with mechanisms involved in target or distractor processing. Three experiments examined the effect of concurrent WM load on Stroop t...

An emotional Stroop task with four word types (panic threat, obsessive-compulsive threat, general threat, and neutral) and two presentation conditions (supraliminal, subliminal) was used in two experiments. The first experiment involved 21 panic disorder (PD) patients and 20 normal controls; the second experiment 20 PD patients and 20 obsessive-compulsive patients. PD patients, obsessive-compul...