This paper presents the application of metaheuristic methods to the minimum crossing number problem for the first time. These algorithms including particle swarm optimization, improved ray optimization, colliding bodies optimization and enhanced colliding bodies optimization. For each method, a pseudo code is provided. The crossing number problem is NP-hard and has important applications in eng...

The notion of Asteroidal triples was introduced by Lekkerkerker and Boland [6]. D.G.Corneil and others [2], Ekkehard Kohler [3] further investigated asteroidal triples. Walter generalized the concept of asteroidal triples to asteroidal sets [8]. Further study was carried out by Haiko Muller [4]. In this paper we find asteroidal numbers for Direct product of cycles, Direct product of path and cy...

Let $G=(V,E)$ be a simple connected graph. A matching $M$ in a graph $G$ is a collection of edges of $G$ such that no two edges from $M$ share a vertex. A matching $M$ is maximal if it cannot be extended to a larger matching in $G$. The cardinality of any smallest maximal matching in $G$ is the saturation number of $G$ and is denoted by $s(G)$. In this paper we study the saturation numbe...

A {em Roman dominating function} on a graph $G$ is a function $f:V(G)rightarrow {0,1,2}$ satisfying the condition that every vertex $u$ for which $f(u)=0$ is adjacent to at least one vertex $v$ for which $f(v)=2$. A {em total Roman dominating function} is a Roman dominating function with the additional property that the subgraph of $G$ induced by the set of all vertices of positive weight has n...

in this paper a linear fuzzy fredholm integral equation(ffie) with arbitrary fuzzy function input and symmetric triangular (fuzzy interval) output is considered. for each variable, output is the nearest triangular fuzzy number (fuzzy interval) to the exact fuzzy solution of (ffie).

a function $f:v(g)rightarrow {-1,0,1}$ is a {em minusdominating function} if for every vertex $vin v(g)$, $sum_{uinn[v]}f(u)ge 1$. a minus dominating function $f$ of $g$ is calleda {em global minus dominating function} if $f$ is also a minusdominating function of the complement $overline{g}$ of $g$. the{em global minus domination number} $gamma_{g}^-(g)$ of $g$ isdefined as $gamma_{g}^-(g)=min{...