1 Terrestrial Paleoclimatology Research Group, Department of Geosciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States, 2 Messel Research and Mammalogy Department, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany, 3 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States, 4 Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, Mi...

Multiple sclerosis, although a rare disease in Asia, often presents significant diagnostic challenges to clinicians. There has been rapid advancement in the understanding of the underlying genetic influence, pathophysiology, investigation and treatment recently. This paper reviewed the latest development of various aspects of the disease and examined the differences between the manifestations o...

Renal cell carcinoma is a rare disease in children and adolescent. Less than 2% of cases occur in childhood and no treatment protocols exist among urologists and oncologists for management. We present a case of renal cell carcinoma in a child with uncommon presentation.

We study the time until first occurrence, the first-passage time, of rare density fluctuations in diffusive systems. We approach the problem using a model consisting of many independent random walkers on a lattice. The existence of spatial correlations makes this problem analytically intractable. However, for a mean-field approximation in which the walkers can jump anywhere in the system, we ob...

The Chinese researchers have made significant progress in studying rare diseases in the recent years. From 2000 to 2014, 269 out of 1892 clinically relevant original research papers published on high impact journals by Chinese institutions, and 2678 out of 6040 clinical trials conducted by Chinese institutions and registered at ClinicalTrial.gov are focused on rare diseases. The number of resea...

UNLABELLED We provide the first empirical exploration of disease-related innovation by patients and their caregivers. Our aims were to explore to what degree do patients develop innovative solutions; how many of these are unique developments; and do these solutions have positive perceived impact on the patients' overall quality of life? In addition, we explored the factors associated with patie...

The ability to attract sufficient resources to effectively develop therapeutics for rare diseases is a daunting task. This review summarizes existing resources for rare diseases and discusses some of the challenges and strategies associated with developing therapies for small patient populations with an emphasis on pachyonychia congenita.

In many real world applications, systematic analysis of rare events, such as credit card frauds and adverse drug reactions, is very important. Their low occurrence rate in large databases often makes it difficult to identify the risk factors from straightforward application of associations and sequential pattern discovery. In this paper we introduce a heuristic to guide the search for interesti...

In this article we propose a new technique for identifying clusters in temporal point processes. This relies on the comparision between all the m -order spacings and it is totally independent of any alternative hypothesis. A recursive procedure is introduced and allows to identify multiple clusters independently. This new scan statistic seems to be more efficient than the classical scan statist...

Suppose that the integers are assigned i.i.d. random variables f! x g (taking values in the unit interval), which serve as an environment. This environment deenes a random walk fX n g (called a RWRE) which, when at x, moves one step to the right with probability ! x , and one step to the left with probability 1 ? ! x. Solomon (1975) determined the almost-sure asymptotic speed v (=rate of escape...