Background High-risk water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices are still prevalent in most low-income countries. Because of limited access to WASH, children may be put at an increased risk of diarrheal diseases. Objectives This study aims to 1) develop a new measure of WASH-induced burden, the WASH Resource Index (WRI), and estimate its correlation with child diarrhea and an additive inde...

BACKGROUND Recently, everolimus was shown to improve median progression-free survival (PFS) by 7.1 months in patients with advanced, progressive, well-differentiated, nonfunctional neuroendocrine tumors (NET) of lung or gastrointestinal (GI) tract compared with placebo (HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.35-0.67; P<0.00001) in the Phase III, RADIANT-4 study. This post hoc analysis evaluates the impact of prio...

The limited effectiveness of currently available chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced esophageal cancer, and the poor survival achieved in locally advanced disease with combined chemoradiotherapy with or without surgery, have prompted the evaluation of new agents. Irinotecan (CPT-11, Camptosar) has promising single-agent activity in gastrointestinal cancers. In phase II evaluation of weekl...

Chronic diarrhea, defined as a decrease in stool consistency for more than four weeks, is a common but challenging clinical scenario. It can be divided into three basic categories: watery, fatty (malabsorption), and inflammatory. Watery diarrhea may be subdivided into osmotic, secretory, and functional types. Watery diarrhea includes irritable bowel syndrome, which is the most common cause of f...

Infectious diarrhea is often caused by the exotoxins of gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli. However, these organisms also contain lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin. LPS induces nitric oxide synthase II (NOS II, inducible NOS) in various types of cells. We now demonstrate by RNase protection analysis, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry that the expression of NOS II mRNA and pro...

Background & Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of oral selenium in alleviation of oral mucositis induced by radiotherapy in head and neck cancer patients. Methods: In a randomized double blind pilot study, 35 patients under radiotherapy, due to primary tumors localized in the head or neck, who had at least two oral sites were st...

morphine was used as a remedy for the control of diarrhea centuries before it&apos;s sedative-analgesic effect was discovered. although several mechanisms have been proposed for the morphine-induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit (oit), the exact mechanism has not yet been identified. on this basis the possible involvement of the dopaminergic system in morphine-induced inhibition of tra...

radiotherapy in the head and neck region and chemotherapy might give rise to oral mucositis which is a severe and painful inflammation. there is no known definite cure for mucositis. a number of studies have attempted to evaluate the effect of low-power laser on radiotherapy- and chemotherapy-induced mucositis. the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of low-power laser on the pr...

Background & Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of oral selenium in alleviation of oral mucositis induced by radiotherapy in head and neck cancer patients. Methods: In a randomized double blind pilot study, 35 patients under radiotherapy, due to primary tumors localized in the head or neck, who had at least two oral sites were studied. They were randomly divided into t...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Probiotic supplementation seems to provide beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced diarrhea. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the efficacy of probiotic supplementation for prevention and treatment of radiation-induced diarrhea. METHODS Two reviewers independently searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Google...