We seek to show that some properties of vague scalar adjectives are consequences of rational communication. Theories of vagueness are usually directed at a cluster of traditional philosophical desiderata: how vagueness fits into a theory of truth (or metaphysics), the sorites, and related issues. These are important, and we will have more to say about some of them, but we also seek to refocus t...

| In fuzzy logic, there are several methods of representing implication in terms of &, _, and :; in particular, explicit representations deene a class of S implications, implicit representations deene a class of R implications. Some reasonable implication operations have been proposed, such as Yager's a b , that are diicult to represent as S or R implications. For such operations, a new class o...

When faced with multiple inputs X ∈ R+ and outputs Y ∈ R q +, traditional quantile regression of Y conditional on X = x for measuring economic efficiency in the output (input) direction is thwarted by the absence of a natural ordering of Euclidean space for dimensions q (p) greater than one. Daouia and Simar (2007) used nonstandard conditional quantiles to address this problem, conditioning on ...

There are many theorems in the differential geometry literature of the following sort. Let M be a complete Riemannian manifold with some conditions on various curvatures, diameters, volumes, etc. Then M is homotopy equivalent to a finite CW complex, or M is the interior of a compact, topological manifold with boundary. At first glance it seems unlikely that such theorems have anything to say ab...

Selective mortality is an important process influencing both the dynamics of marine populations and the evolution of their life histories. Despite a large and growing interest in measuring selective mortality, studies of marine species can face some serious methodological and analytical challenges. In particular, many studies of selection in marine environments use a crosssectional approach in ...

Let K be a number field, let OK be the ring of integers, let K be an algebraic closure of K and let OK be the ring of integers of K. Let M 0 K be the set of finite places and let M∞ K be the set of infinite places. Let Kv be the completion of K at v and let Ov be the ring of integers of Kv. Let ℘v, kv, qv be the maximal ideal of Ov, the residue field Ov/℘v and the size of the residue field |kv|...

The coefficient of correlation evaluates the similarity of two sets of measurements (i.e., two dependent variables) obtained on the sameobservations. The coefficient of correlation indicates the amount of information common to two variables. This coefficient takes values between −1 and +1 (inclusive). A value of 0 indicates that the two series of measurement have nothing in common. A value of +...

Methodology extending nonparametric goodness-of-fit tests to discrete null distributions has existed for several decades. However, modern statistical software has generally failed to provide this methodology to users. We offer a revision of R’s ks.test() function and a new cvm.test() function that fill this need in the R language for two of the most popular nonparametric goodness-of-fit tests. ...

UNLABELLED False discovery rate (FDR) methodologies are essential in the study of high-dimensional genomic and proteomic data. The R package 'fdrtool' facilitates such analyses by offering a comprehensive set of procedures for FDR estimation. Its distinctive features include: (i) many different types of test statistics are allowed as input data, such as P-values, z-scores, correlations and t-sc...

Analogously, we may define a diameter graph on the sphere S r of radius r. We think of the sphere being embedded in R, and the (unit) distance is induced from the ambient space. Diameter graphs are closely related to the famous Borsuk problem. In 1933 Borsuk [1] asked, whether any set of diameter 1 in R can be partitioned into (d+ 1) parts of strictly smaller diameter. The positive answer to th...