Mycobacteria contain high levels of the disaccharide trehalose in free form as well as within various immunologically relevant glycolipids such as cord factor and sulfolipid-1. By contrast, most bacteria use trehalose solely as a general osmoprotectant or thermoprotectant. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis possess three pathways for the synthesis of trehalose. Most bacteria...

A significant biochemical change that takes place in intervertebral disc degeneration is the loss of proteoglycans in the nucleus pulposus. Proteoglycans attract fluid, which works to reduce mechanical stresses in the solid matrix of the nucleus and provide a hydrostatic pressure to the annulus fibrosus, whose fibrous nature accommodates this stress. Our goals are to develop an osmo-poroelastic...

Once excess liquid gains access to air spaces of an injured lung, the act of breathing creates and destroys foam and thereby contributes to the wounding of epithelial cells by interfacial stress. Since cells are not elastic continua, but rather complex network structures composed of solid as well as liquid elements, we hypothesize that plasma membrane (PM) wounding is preceded by a phase separa...

Bacteria inhabit natural and artificial environments with diverse and fluctuating osmolalities, salinities and temperatures. Many maintain cytoplasmic hydration, growth and survival most effectively by accumulating kosmotropic organic solutes (compatible solutes) when medium osmolality is high or temperature is low (above freezing). They release these solutes into their environment when the med...

The research presented stemmed from the observations that female plants of the annual dioecious Mercurialis annua outlive male plants. This led to the hypothesis that female plants of M. annua would be more tolerant to stress than male plants. This hypothesis was addressed in a comprehensive way, by comparing morphological, biochemical and metabolomics changes in female and male plants during t...

Hyperosmotic stress yields reprogramming of gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Most of this response is orchestrated by Hog1, a stress-activated, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) homologous to human p38. We investigated, on a genomic scale, the contribution of changes in transcription rates and mRNA stabilities to the modulation of mRNA amounts during the response to osmo...

Autophagy is a major catabolic mechanism that essential for skin homeostasis. Improving autophagy critical dermal research since this process impaired during aging, wounding, or diseases such as atopic dermatitis. Although hyperosmotic stress has been shown to stimulate autophagy, there still lack of understanding the underlying action, well need expand possible implementations knowledge. Here,...

The deposition of salts in soil seems likely to become a significant barrier for plant development and growth. Halophytes that flourish naturally saline habitats may sustain extreme salt levels by adopting different acclimatory traits. Insight into such features can be useful devising salt-resilient crops the reclamation soil. Therefore, salinity-induced responses were studied two halophytes, i...

Abiotic stresses spot lights the field crops at all growth phases and results in significant yield losses important crops, endangering safety of world's food supply. Numerous physiological, biochemical, molecular tactics have been examined by crop researchers to battle drought stress/water limiting stress, but current environment, these measures are meager. It is so claimed that plants can be p...