Organophosphorus pesticide self-poisoning is an important clinical problem in rural regions of the developing world, and kills an estimated 200,000 people every year. Unintentional poisoning kills far fewer people but is a problem in places where highly toxic organophosphorus pesticides are available. Medical management is difficult, with case fatality generally more than 15%. We describe the l...

Various organophosphorus compounds, particularly those with low acute toxicity levels, such as Fenitrothion (common name; Sumithion), Fenthion (common name; Baycid) and Pyridaphenthion (common name; Ofunack), are widely used as insecticides around the world. PAM (2-Pyridinum aldoxime methiodide), the specific antidote against Parathion, is not very effective against poisoning by these organopho...

Background: The easy availability and lack of legal strictures have made organophosphorus compound poisoning the deadly bane for the people of the lower socioeconomic strata, i.e., farmers and laborers. This study was conducted to predict the need for ventilator support in organophosphate poisoning and to identify the factors which help in predicting the need for ventilatory support in organoph...

The effects of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 0.5 ppm concentrations of malathion, an organophosphorus insecticide, viewed over the course of the experiment, on adult emergence and sex ratios of emerging adults of the parasitic wasp, Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were investigated. Diets which contain 0.001 and 0.01 ppm malathion significantly increased the total adult emergence on d...

The spread of professional microwave (MW) reactors in the last 25 years brought about a revolutionary change in synthetic organic chemistry. This methodology has also had a positive inpact on organophosphorus chemistry enhancing reluctant reactions, or just making the reactions more efficient in respect of rate, selectivity and yield. In special cases, MW irradiation may substitute catalyst, or...

Three biomarkers in Aporrectodea caliginosa Savigny were evaluated for their ability to detect exposure to organophosphorus insecticides, and these physiological responses were related to effects on growth and life-table parameters. Adult and juvenile earthworms were exposed to a laboratory-simulated field rate (low concentration) and a higher sublethal concentration of diazinon and chlorpyrifo...

BACKGROUND Pesticide poisoning is very common in Nepal. Hospital based studies from various parts of Nepal have shown that poisoning with organophosphorus compounds is the most common type of poisoning. Current study is undertaken to see the pattern of organophosphorus poisoning and to identify the common risk factors among the cases. If the risk factors are modifiable, attempts in addressing t...

BACKGROUND Poisoning with organophosphorus (OP) insecticides is a major global public health problem, causing an estimated 200,000 deaths each year. Although the World Health Organization recommends use of pralidoxime, this antidote's effectiveness remains unclear. We aimed to determine whether the addition of pralidoxime chloride to atropine and supportive care offers benefit. METHODS AND FI...

Flammeovirga pacifica strain WPAGA1 is a Gram-negative, polysaccharide-degrading bacterium isolated from the marine sediment of the West Pacific Ocean. This strain is a cosmopolitan marine bacterium that uses complex polysaccharides as exclusive source of carbon and energy and plays a key role in the marine carbon cycle. Genome sequence analysis of strain WPAGA1 revealed that the assembled fine...

This brief review describes the reactions of organophosphorus compounds with cholinesterases, neuropathy target esterase, and phosphoric triester hydrolases with respect to their toxicity. It also describes antidotes, protectors, and decontaminating agents against organophosphates.