The optimal definition of the size, shape and location of gross tumour volume is one of the most important steps in the planning of radiation therapy, and necessitates a proper understanding of the procedure from both the oncologic radiologist and the radiation oncologist. This overview reports on the different terms and concepts that have been recommended in the ICRU Reports for this purpose; ...

INTRODUCTION The use of clipless pedals amongst recreational cyclists has become increasingly popular in recent years. We describe a hip fracture, that was sustained due to inadequate set up of such pedals. To the best of our knowledge, this has only been described once before, and this was in the non-English language medical literature. CASE REPORT A 38-year-old Caucasian man who was a club ...

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation with an anode as the electron acceptor was realized in a dual-chamber microbial electrolysis cell (MEC). Nitrate was the main product that accounted for approximately 95% of ammonium consumed, but nitrite was also detectable. Using 16S ribosomal RNA analysis, we found that the microbial community attached to the electrode was dominated by Nitrosomonas europaea (40.3...

Nitrogen removal by a nitritationanammox bioreactor at low temperature 1 Ziye Hu, Tommaso Lotti, Merle de Kreuk, Robbert Kleerebezem, Mark van 2 Loosdrecht, Jans Kruit, Mike S.M. Jetten, Boran Kartal 3 a Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Radboud University Nijmegen, 4 Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands 5 b Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaa...

A three-pronged coordinated research effort was undertaken by cooperating utilities at three different experimental scales investigating bioaugmentation, enrichment and performance of anammox organisms in mainstream treatment. Two major technological components were applied: density-based sludge wasting by a selective cyclone to retain anammox granules and intermittent aeration to repress nitri...

Gastric cancer in patients who have undergone bariatric surgery is rare. The authors present a case of stomach cancer in a patient 6 years after adjustable silicone gastric band placement. The tumour was located below the band, not in its direct vicinity. Aetiological and risk factors of stomach cancer incidence in obese patients are discussed in this case study.

Electron beam dose calculations are often based on pencil beam formulas such as the Fermi-Eyges formula. The Fermi-Eyges formula gives an exact solution of the Fermi equation. The Fermi equation can be derived from a more fundamental mathematical model, the linear Boltzmann equation, in two steps. First, the linear Boltzmann equation is approximated by the Fokker-Planck equation. Second, the Fo...

Biomarkers for In Situ Detection of Anaerobic Ammonium-Oxidizing (Anammox) Bacteria Markus C. Schmid, Bart Maas, Ana Dapena, Katinka van de Pas-Schoonen, Jack van de Vossenberg, Boran Kartal, Laura van Niftrik, Ingo Schmidt, Irina Cirpus, J. Gijs Kuenen, Michael Wagner, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, Marcel Kuypers, Niels Peter Revsbech, Ramon Mendez, Mike S. M. Jetten, and Marc Strous* Kluyver Labo...

The phylogenetic affiliation and physiological characteristics (e.g., Ks and maximum specific growth rate [μmax]) of an anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacterium, "Candidatus Scalindua sp.," enriched from the marine sediment of Hiroshima Bay, Japan, were investigated. "Candidatus Scalindua sp." exhibits higher affinity for nitrite and a lower growth rate and yield than the known anammox ...

Nitrogen pollution created severe environmental problems and increasingly has become an important issue in China. Since the first discovery of ANAMMOX in the early 1990s, this related technology has become a promising as well as sustainable bioprocess for treating strong nitrogenous wastewater. Many Chinese research groups have concentrated their efforts on the ANAMMOX research including bacter...