Oculomotor control in a humanoid robot faces similar problems as biological oculomotor systems, i.e. the stabilization of gaze in face of unknown perturbations of the body, selective attention, stereo vision, and dealing with large information processing delays. Given the nonlinearities of the geometry of binocular vision as well as the possible nonlinearities of the oculomotor plant, it is des...

Soft tissue "pulleys" in the orbit alter the paths of the eye muscles in a way that may simplify the brain's work in implementing Listing's law, i.e., in holding ocular torsion at zero. But Listing's law does not apply to some oculomotor systems, such as the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR), which shows a different kinematic pattern. To explain this different pattern, some authors have assumed that...

PURPOSE Compartmentalization of the extraocular muscles into well-defined orbital and global layers is highly conserved. Recently, the active pulley hypothesis correlated the anatomic properties of orbital-global muscle layers with layer-specific division of labor. Microarray technology was used to identify muscle-layer-specific transcriptional profiles and, thereby, extend understanding of the...

The trigeminal nerve carries the sensory innervation of the eye and adnexa in three divisions: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular. The sensory fibres of the eye and adnexa are found in the ophthalmic division – with the exception of a portion of the sensory input from the lower lid, which is carried by the maxillary division. Blocking the sensory fibres provides anaesthesia so that no pain i...

OBJECTIVES To compare the effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and microcurrent electrical nerve stimulation (MENS) on masticatory muscles pain bruxism patient. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 60 subjects with the clinical diagnosis of bruxism were randomly allocated to two study groups. Group A received TENS (50 Hz, pulse width 0.5 mSec, intensity 0-60 mA for ...

In this article we review our further development of D.A. Robinson's computerized strabismus model. First, an extensive literature study has been carried out to get more accurate data on the anatomy of the average eye and the eye muscles, and about how these vary with age and with refraction. Secondly, the force-length relations that represent the mechanical characteristics of the eye muscles i...

THAT the prootic somites in the head of the vertebrate give rise to the muscles actuating the eyeballs is a fact so well known as to require no comment. As the result of the work of Marshall (7) it was understood that the eye-muscles, of which there are six, arise in three groups, each group from one prootic somite. The first group, consisting of the superior, internal, and inferior recti and t...

Received 21 May 1996 and in revised form 2 September 1996 Accepted 9 September 1996 Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease in which degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons leads to progressive weakness of bulbar, limb, thoracic, and abdominal muscles with relative sparing of oculomotor muscles and sphincter function. Although the clinical manifestations and path...

H ere, we describe a 52-year-old woman with a history of primary plasma cell leukemia (PCL) who achieved complete remission after the tandem of autologous and nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Nine months after the allogeneic SCT, she presented with oculomotor and trochlear nerve palsy (diplopia, ptosis of the right upper eye lid, and dilated right pupil). Physical ex...

INTRODUCTION Endoscopic surgical techniques improve the surgeon's view of sinus structures but are subject to extraocular muscle complications that cause permanent diplopia. METHODS A series of 15 patients with strabismus following endoscopic sinus surgery was reviewed retrospectively to characterize the type of muscle injury and report the results of surgical correction. RESULTS A variety ...