The metabolism of [2'-(14)C]nicotine given as an intravenous injection in small doses to anaesthetized and unanaesthetized cats has been studied. A method is described for the quantitative determination of [(14)C]nicotine and [(14)C]cotinine in tissues and body fluids. Nanogram amounts of these compounds have been detected. After a single dose of 40mug. of [(14)C]nicotine/kg., 55% of the inject...

In the early 1970s, it was already evident that nicotine dependence was the major factor underlying the maintenance of smoking (1); it was also clear that smokers unconsciously regulate their nicotine intake by reducing puff rate when smoking a high-nicotine cigarette and by increasing it to compensate for the drop in yield when smoking a low-nicotine cigarette (2-5). Confirmation of this self-...

Since tobacco use is driven by dependence on nicotine, the primary addictive substance in tobacco, much research has focused on nicotine dependence. Less well understood, however, is the role that menthol plays in nicotine dependence. This review seeks to examine what role, if any, menthol plays in nicotine addiction in adults and youth. Based on research examining several indicators of heavine...

The present study characterized nicotine intake, circadian patterns of food and water intake, precipitated somatic signs of withdrawal, and extinction of nicotine-seeking behavior in rats with 23-h access to intravenous self-administration (IVSA). Separate groups of animals were allowed access to nicotine IVSA (0.015, n = 9; 0.03, n = 14; 0.06, n = 16; mg/kg/0.1 ml infusion/s; fixed ratio 1) an...

Contextual stimuli present during nicotine exposure can come to act as conditioned stimuli and have been shown to play an important role in ongoing nicotine self-administration. In the present study, we characterized the effects of contextual stimuli previously paired with non-contingent nicotine exposure injections on subsequent nicotine self-administration. Rats were exposed to five injection...

Nicotine, the primary addictive substance in tobacco, induces profound behavioral responses in mammals, but the underlying genetic mechanisms are not well understood. Here we develop a C. elegans model of nicotine-dependent behavior. We show that worms exhibit behavioral responses to nicotine that parallel those observed in mammals, including acute response, tolerance, withdrawal, and sensitiza...

Nicotine is the primary pharmacologic component of tobacco, and users of tobacco products seek out its effects. The highly addictive nature of nicotine is responsible for its widespread use and difficulty with quitting. This technical report focuses on nicotine and discusses the stages of use in progression to dependence on nicotine-containing products; the physiologic characteristics, neurobio...

Research has demonstrated different rates of e-cigarette use among Black, Hispanic, and White adolescents, raising concerns about e-cigarettes as a source health disparities. Innovation by manufacturers combined with limited federal regulation have yielded diversity device types marketing, availability, nicotine levels, potential for harms. However, racial/ethnic developmental differences in ad...

Introduction: SARS-CoV2, first reported in December 2019 Wuhan as COVID-19 causing respiratory illness, rapidly evolved into a pandemic owing to its very high infectivity. There is insufficient evidence about if and how smoking affects the risk of infection, reports on whether increases or reduces infections, are contradictory. Therefore, current study was designed determine effects nicotine co...

Nicotine alters the developmental trajectory of acetylcholine (ACh) systems in the immature brain, with vulnerability extending from fetal stages through adolescence. We administered nicotine to adolescent rats (postnatal days PN30-47) and then examined the subsequent response to nicotine given in adulthood (PN90-107), simulating plasma levels in smokers, and performing evaluations during nicot...