Despite traditional evidence that lexically-stressed content words are the most common loci of disfluencies in stuttered speech (Natke, et al., 2002; Prins, et al., 1991; Brown 1938), the fact that certain function words—crucially, those directly preceding stressed content words—are also disfluently produced (Au-Yeung, et al., 1998; Howell & Sackin, 2000), suggests that the actual trigger of a ...

This paper will present the preliminary findings of a pilot study. Participants were randomly assigned into one of two groups, those receiving instruction 1) with subtitles (redundant text); & 2) instruction without subtitles. A diagnostic test was used to categorize learners as 1) having symptoms consistent with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); or 2) non-ADHD learners. Two perf...