The eighteenth century witnessed the continuity of Geluk growth in Amdo from preceding century. inspiration and legacy Central Tibet accompanying political patronage emanating Manchus, Mongols, local Tibetans figured prominently as engine behind influence that swept Amdo. rise region resulted contributions made by native Buddhists. monks are, however, rarely treated with much attention they des...

shahanshāhnāma is one of the historical epic poems composed by ahmad tabrizi at the end of the ilkhanids’ reign. at the time, the poet was not able to openly criticize the mongols. at times, one may even think that he is praising them. on the contrary, in the hidden layers of his composition, the poet tries to show his criticism by using rhetorical and linguistic tools and praising iran and ira...

The Four Heavenly Kings, Sida Tianwang 四大天王, are the guardians of four quarters world in Buddhism. They among most frequently represented protective deities Buddhist art across different traditions. In their standard iconographies developed China popular during Ming and Qing dynasties (1368–1911), they wear full armor, each holds exclusive attributes—lute (pipa 琵琶), sword, snake, parasol—from e...

The personality of E. Khara-Davan is a landmark for characterizing the history peoples our country in first half 20th century. He became one Kalmyk students who received higher education at university Russian Empire, and doctor among people. took part events 1917–1920 southern Russia, collaborated with Provisional Government, Soviet government, white movement. In modern historiography, quite of...