Endometrial thickness is defined as the minimal distance between the echogenic interfaces of myometrium and endometrium. An adequate thickness of endometrium is indispensable for embryo implantation [1-4]. The minimum endometrial thickness that may cause a successful implantation is called “threshold thickness”. The endometrium that is thinner than “threshold thickness” is called “thin endometr...

Edgar Allen was the first investigator to demonstrate that uterine bleeding, or menstruation, could be induced in rhesus monkeys by withdrawal of estrogenic hormone. Hormone withdrawal was accomplished by removal of one or both ovaries, by injury to a large follicle, or by cessation of injections of estrogen in a castrate animal. The previous work of Corner3 had shown that the monkey is a suita...

BACKGROUND The VEGF is essential in the process of tissue remodeling and angiogenesis. Limited data is available on the expression and regulation of VEGF and its receptors in the human endometrium. The aim of this study was evaluation of expression patterns of VEGF and Flk-1 in human endometrium during the menstrual cycle. METHODS Sixty paraffin-embedded blocks of endometrial tissues from the...

To study control of apoptosis in human endometrium, we examined late luteal-phase endometrial biopsies obtained in the late luteal phase for evidence of apoptosis and compared the effects of exogenous human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and progesterone on this process. Using a controlled, prospective, and randomized study design, 12 healthy, fertile, reproductive-age women (ages 20-34 yr) with ...

BACKGROUND Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) regulates several biological functions involving the modulation of cell behaviors via cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. According to its diverse functions, we hypothesized that EMMPRIN may play an important role in endometrial remodeling and establishment of pregnancy in cow. METHODS In this study, endometrial tissues f...

Endometrium is one of the fastest growing human tissues. Sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, in interaction with several growth factors, control its growth and differentiation. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) interacts with cell surface receptors and also with specific soluble binding proteins. IGF-binding proteins (IGF-BP) have been shown to modulate IGF-1 action. Of six known isofor...