The tryptophan residues on cholera toxin and its A and B protomers have been modified by reaction with 2-nitrophenylsulfenyl chloride and 2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenyl chloride. Modification of the tryptophan residues of cholera toxin results in complete loss of toxicity measured in a skin permeability assay. Modification of cholera toxin and its B protomer results in the complete loss of binding a...

BACKGROUND A 41-year-old male patient developed a sialocele after partial parotidectomy for a parotid pleomorphic adenoma. The sialocele was effectively treated by a single injection with botulinum toxin type B combined with multiple needle aspirations. METHODS Ultrasound-guided infiltration of 2500 mouse-units of botulinum toxin type B in the residual parotid gland tissue under local anesthe...

Botulinum toxin type B was studied for the management of hyperkinetic facial lines. It showed clinical longevity of up to 12 weeks on subjective rating scales and 8 weeks on objective rating scales. Botulinum toxin type B has shown relative safety but can have autonomic side effects at higher total doses, which limits the possibility of continued dose escalation. Although these findings may pre...

OBJECTIVE To assess a new immunochromatography (ICT) test that detects glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) antigen and Clostridium difficile toxin A/B simultaneously, and to propose an algorithm for the diagnosis of C. difficile infection (CDI) based on this test. METHODS We analysed 970 stool samples. Discrepant results between GDH and toxin A/B were resolved using toxigenic culture as the referen...

In a recent article (3), Norén et al. reported an extensive evaluation of illumigene Clostridium difficile compared with the cell culture cytotoxin B assay (CTBA) and/or toxigenic culture (TC) of cytotoxin-producing C. difficile isolates. The illumigene assay utilizes loop-mediated isothermal DNA amplification (LAMP) technology to detect the pathogenicity locus (PaLoc) of toxigenic Clostridium ...

Virulence of Clostridium difficile is primarily attributed to the large clostridial toxins A and B while the role of binary toxin (CDT) remains unclear. The prevalence of human strains of C. difficile possessing only CDT genes (A-B-CDT+) is generally low (< 5%), however, this genotype is commonly found in neonatal livestock both in Australia and elsewhere. Zoonotic transmission of C. difficile ...

Two toxins have been isolated from the venom of the Forest cobra (Naja melanoleuca) and their amino acid sequences elucidated. Toxin b, a 71 amino acid residue molecule, is devoid of methionine and resembles toxin (x from Naja nivea venom both immunochemically and in amino acid sequence. Toxin d consists of 61 amino acid residues with alanine, phenylalanine, and leucine totally absent. Toxin d ...

An inter-laboratory collaborative study was performed to evaluate the performance of Biochip Array Technology (BAT) Myco 7 method. The is a method which simultaneously and quantitatively detects 20 mycotoxins including aflatoxins B 1 , 2 G ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisin 3 T-2 HT-2 toxin. BAT collaboratively evaluated by nine government private Association American Feed Con...

The B subunit of Shiga toxin and the Shiga-like toxins (SLTs) mediates receptor binding, cytotoxic specificity, and extracellular localization of the holotoxin. While the functional receptor for Shiga toxin, SLT type I (SLT-I), and SLT-II is the glycolipid designated Gb3, SLT-II variant (SLT-IIv) may use a different glycolipid receptor. To identify the domains responsible for receptor binding, ...