There is growing recognition and evidence that health care professionals regularly encounter-though they may not identify-victims of human trafficking in a variety of health care settings. Identifying and responding appropriately to trafficking victims or survivors requires not only training in trauma-informed care but also consideration of the legal and ethical issues that arise when serving t...

Forensic psychiatry is practiced somewhat differently in the People's Republic of China (PRC) than in the United States. In the United States, psychiatrists and psychologists often work at the interface of mental health and criminal, civil, family, correctional, and law enforcement matters. Their roles in the United States are sometimes consultative and sometimes more direct, sometimes as agenc...

The authors use a developmental perspective to examine questions about the criminal culpability of juveniles and the juvenile death penalty. Under principles of criminal law, culpability is mitigated when the actor's decision-making capacity is diminished, when the criminal act was coerced, or when the act was out of character. The authors argue that juveniles should not be held to the same sta...

Title Socio-economic Theories of Crime Abstract This work is an overview of social deviance as it pertains to socio-economics and criminal behavior. It looks at criminal law and punishments, written by those who are not poor, which is imposed more on those who are poor and are committing more of the crime. The question is asked, “if the poor were in power, would there be alternative solutions t...

In March 2008, the journalist Eliza Griswold described a burgeoning “competition” for believers between Muslims and Christians in the country of Nigeria—“God’s Country” according to the article’s title. The description is tragically ironic in light of the carnage that has accompanied this competition in the form of waves of interreligious violence after the implementation of Sharia criminal law...

Can neurological evidence help courts assess criminal responsibility? To answer this question, we must first specify legal criteria for criminal responsibility and then ask how neurological findings can be used to determine whether particular defendants meet those criteria. Cognitive neuroscience may speak to at least two familiar conditions of criminal responsibility: intention and sanity. Fun...

The purpose of this article is to explain the reasons for adopting, in Italy, the principle of mandatory criminal prosecution. This rule is closely connected to the role and functions of Italian public prosecutors. The supreme guarantee deriving from the rule governing the mandatory status of criminal prosecution is to safeguard the equal treatment of all citizens before criminal law. This is p...

This paper examines opinions by Supreme Court justices of the most significant death penalty cases of the 1970s and 1980s [i. We seek to determine: 1) what main justifications were used by justices to support their own opinions; 2) how inconsistent over these cases were justices in issuing their opinions; and 3) what factors led to changes in opinions across time. We examine three types of inco...

Economic analysis of law is concerned with (a) determination of the effects of legal rules and (b) evaluation of the desirability of the effects of legal rules with respect to well-specified definitions of social welfare. This entry surveys the approach as it applies to basic areas of law -accident, property, contract, and criminal law -as well as to the litigation process. The economic approac...