background: to validate the persian version of the simple shoulder test in patients with shoulder joint problems.   methods: following beaton`s guideline, translation and back translation was conducted. we reached to a consensus on the persian version of sst. to test the face validity in a pilot study, the persian sst was administered to 20 individuals with shoulder joint conditions. we enrolle...

The purposes of this study were (a) to compare BA and MA students of Translation in terms of their abilities in IT skills, (b) to compare them in terms of their learning of IT related competences in the translator training programs, and (c) to compare their viewpoints about the importance of IT skills in their professional activities. The participants of this research were Iranian male and fema...

We consider a model in which positive and negative particles diffuse in an asymmetric, CP -invariant way on a ring. The positive particles hop clockwise, the negative counterclockwise and oppositely-charged adjacent particles may swap positions. Monte-Carlo simulations and analytic calculations suggest that the model has three phases; a “pure” phase in which one has three pinned blocks of only ...

This paper discusses certain practical requirements for machine translation products. An innovative generic machine translation technology (KMTech) is presented and a commercial machine translation system (TranSmart) which is based on that technology is introduced. The current version of TranSmart translates from Finnish into English. The paper evaluates TranSmart informally visa-vis the practi...