Abbasid caliphs in the Islamic world systematically encouraged translation of ancient Greek books on science and technology large numbers. And this process, knowledge related to automata also spread world. The leading scholars who touched development were Philo Byzantium Hero Alexandria. Philo's book "Pneumatics" was translated into Arabic Baghdad. Meanwhile, works Hero, including Mechanic, wit...


 A major trend that characterized the naturalization of Aristotelian habitus concept in medieval Islamic world was its application to religious discourses. This not limited works Muslim thinkers. The present communication focuses on ways which Maimonides used concept, naturalizing it Jewish system.

sezgin argued that written documents were used from early on and although collectors transmitted their works orally but extracted hadiths from written sources. according to him the isnads contain the name of authors and the authoritative transmitters of the books. also he proposed a method based on isnad analysis to single out the sources of a collector and to reconstruct the early lost works. ...

during different historic periods, land of iran has been invaded by alien tribes and iranian written works such as religious, scientific and historic books have been subjected to detruction and demolition for several times. many historical evidences have referred to background of this issue and at the same time they testified that iranian cultural written hertage has been subjected to recovery ...