Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by skin inflammation, barrier dysfunction and chronic pruritus. In this review, recent advances in the pathogenesis of AD are summarized. Clinical efficacy of the anti-IL-4 receptor antibody dupilumab implies that type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 have pivotal roles in atopic inflammation. The expression of IL-4 and IL-13 as well as type 2 chemokines such a...

We have demonstrated that, in addition to their contractile function, human airway smooth-muscle cells (HASMC) are able to express and to secrete chemokines of the monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)/ eotaxin subfamily. This group of chemokines is believed to play a fundamental role in the development of allergic airway diseases such as asthma. The expression levels of MCP (MCP-1, -2, and -3) me...

Effector responses induced by polarized CD4+ T helper 2 (Th2) cells drive nonhealing responses in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major. Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 are known susceptibility factors for L. major infection in BALB/c mice and induce their biological functions through a common receptor, the IL-4 receptor alpha chain (IL-4Ralpha). IL-4Ralpha-deficient BALB/c mice, however, rem...

il-1β and il-17a are two cytokines with strong proinflammatory activities and are now known to be involved in a number of chronic inflammatory disorders. high-mobility group box 1 (hmgb1) is a nuclear protein regulating the expression of these proinflammatory cytokines. the nlrp3 inflammasome promotes the maturation of the il-1β and its activation has been shown as a critical mechanism in the p...

Joint destruction in arthritis is in part due to the induction of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and their inhibitors, especially MMP-13 and -3, which directly degrade the cartilage matrix. Although IL-1β is considered as the main catabolic factor involved in MMP-13 and -3 expression, the role of PGE(2) remains controversial. The goal of this study was to determine the role of PGE(2)...

PURPOSE Serine protease inhibitors are involved in immune development, anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and tissue repair. In the present study, the serine protease inhibitor 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzene sulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF) was evaluated for its prophylactic and therapeutic applications in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis (AR). METHODS BALB/c mice were divided into 5 groups: co...

BACKGROUND Regulation of human airway smooth muscle cells (HASMC) by cytokines contributes to chemotactic factor levels and thus to inflammatory cell accumulation in lung diseases. Cytokines such as the gp130 family member Oncostatin M (OSM) can act synergistically with Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) to modulate lung cells, however whether IL-17A responses by HASMC can be altered is not known. ...

Abstract Background The clinical endoscopic phenotypes of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are classified as Barrett's esophagus (BE), erosive esophagitis (EE) and non-erosive (NERD). NERD is subclassified abnormal acid exposure (AAE) normal (NAE) based on pH monitoring study results. aim this was to characterize genes involved in the pathophysiology immune response GERD. Methods This an ...

BACKGROUND Intelectin-1 (ITLN-1) is secreted by intestinal goblet cells and detectable in blood. Its expression is increased in IL-13-overexpressing mouse airways. However, its expression and function in human airways is poorly understood. METHODS Distal and proximal bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) were isolated from bronchoscopic brushings of disease control (D-CON), COPD, inhaled corticos...