Although the initial isolates of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) are sensitive to neutralization by antibodies through their spike (S) glycoprotein, variants of S have since been identified that are resistant to such inhibition. Optimal vaccine strategies would therefore make use of additional determinants of immune recognition, either through cellular or expanded...

Animals undergoing external or internal challenge to their state of health mount a vigorous response including activation of both the innate and acquired immune systems. The acquired immune system leads eventually to the development of specific cellular and humoral immune responses but at the time of the initial challenge the survival of the host depends on the ability of the innate responses t...

The costs of coping with stressful situations are traded-off against other functions such as immune responses. This trade-off may explain why corticosterone secretion reduces immune reactions. Corticosterone differentially affects various immunity components. However, which component is suppressed varies between studies. It remains unclear whether the trade-off in energy, nutrition, autoimmunit...

BACKGROUND Although autoimmune humoral abnormalities have been reported in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), abnormal organ-specific cellular autoimmunity has not been demonstrated. METHODS Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and serum were collected from a uveitis patient with MDS. Cellular immune response against retinal S-antigen (S-Ag) was assessed by proliferation assay, and...

During the past 2 decades, significant advances in our understanding of the humoral immune response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection have been made, yet a tremendous amount of work lies ahead. Despite these advances, strategies to reliably induce antibodies that can control HIV-1 infection are still critically needed. However, recent advances in our understanding of the ...