Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) emitted from combustion and natural sources are reactive gases that regulate the composition of Earth’s atmosphere. Nocturnal oxidation driven by nitrate radicals is an important but poorly understood process in atmospheric chemistry, affecting lifetimes NOx ozone particulate pollution levels. Understanding trends to formulating effective mitigation strategies u...

Background: Both postprandial hyperglycaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia have been identified as risk markers for cardiovascular disease. However, the determinants of the magnitude of postprandial triglyceride and glucose responses are largely unknown. The objective was to assess potential determinants of postprandial glucose and triglyceride responses following two consecutive meals in women wit...

each year, over a billion muslims fast worldwide during the month of ramadan.  through this religious practice, not only will one have spiritual growth, but can improve his/her diet, which is of pivotal importance in this month. conversely, the available evidence regarding the health benefits of ramadan fasting is scarce and highly contentious. although islam exempts patients from fasting, many...

We measured body temperatures in three species of Brazilian hummingbirds, the Versicolored Emerald (Amazilia versicolor; body mass 4.1 g), the Black Jacobin (Melanotrochilus fuscus; body mass 7.7 g) and the Swallow-tailed Hummingbird (Eupetomena macroura; body mass 8.6 g), during overnight exposure to natural conditions of photoperiod and ambient temperatures. All three species entered torpor. ...

In the vertebrate retina, the light responses of post-receptor neurons depend on the ambient or background illumination. Using intracellular recording, we have found that a circadian clock regulates the light responses of dark-adapted fish cone horizontal cells. Goldfish were maintained on a 12-hr light/12-hr dark cycle. At different times of the day or night, retinas were superfused in darknes...

Experimental studies have shown that sleep restriction (SR) and total sleep deprivation (TSD) produce increased caloric intake, greater fat consumption, and increased late-night eating. However, whether individuals show similar energy intake responses to both SR and TSD remains unknown. A total of N = 66 healthy adults (aged 21-50 years, 48.5% women, 72.7% African American) participated in a wi...

Bedtime problems and frequent night wakings are highly prevalent in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Evidence suggests that sleep disruption and/or insufficient sleep have potential deleterious effects on children's cognitive development, regulation of affect, attention, health outcomes, and overall quality of life, as well as secondary effects on parental and family functioning. Furthermor...

BACKGROUND Several small studies found night-time awakenings due to COPD symptoms were associated with decreased health status. In this study, night-time awakenings in patients with COPD were examined and effects of tiotropium therapy evaluated. METHODS This study was a post hoc, exploratory, pooled analysis of twin, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group tr...

Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar and is also recognised as Ramadhan or Ramzan. During this holy month, Muslims around the globe are devoted to the almighty by focusing on fasting, praying and giving charity to the poorer amongst all. Fasting being one of the five pillars of Islam, is regarded as an obligatory deed for all able-bodied accountable Muslims. During Ramadan, ...