happiness is among the concepts which were subject of empirical studies in 1960s. this concept has been used interchangeably with such concepts as joy, satisfaction with life and the like. while meaningfully correlating with the feeling of joy and satisfaction with life, as indicated by numerous researches, the feeling of happiness is affected by different factors and situations. the present re...

Ongoing tort reform efforts attest to the significant burden that medical liability imposes on the health care system. General attempts to curb excesses can narrow socioeconomic disparities, but as Clark Havighurst and Barak Richman observe, such measures may leave intact some of the regressive characteristics of the framework they supplant. Therefore, it seems appropriate to question whether t...

Empirically, justice might be immanently holistic—with procedural, distributive, restorative, and social justice positively correlated. Restorative justice may be about creating spaces where the various imperfectly correlated facets of holistic justice might cohere. State institutions of justice (such as criminal courts) with deeply embedded traditions of narrowing the meaning of justice (to pr...

this paper intends to explore the causes of the civil war in tajikistan which erupted after its independence in 1992. the civil war went on for nearly four years inflicting thousands of injuries, loss of lives and damages to the country. the paper shows the more social and ethnical roots of the civil war and finally demonstrates the positive role whish the islamic republic of iran played n impo...