Export cartels are exempted from the competition laws of most countries. While some scholars and several WTO members have recently condemned such cartels, others have argued that they allow efficiency gains that actually promote competition and trade. This paper examines the various issues involved, with special reference to developing countries and to recent discussions on trade and competitio...

This paper explores the goals and implementation of reforms introducing choice of and competition among insurers providing statutory health coverage in Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland. In theory, health insurance competition can enhance efficiency in health care administration and delivery only if people have free choice of insurer (consumer mobility), if insurers do not have ...

A new digital divide is emerging both within and between nations that is due to inequalities in broadband Internet access. Most previous research has focused on the broadband divide in developed countries and the role of several factors in bridging this divide, including competition specifically to provide broadband service. There seems to be very little research, however, that provides compreh...

this article has considered the volume and direction of iran’s trade using the gravity model. the major issue in this analysis is to explore why iran over or under-traded with the 76 countries relative to the predicted trade flows of the model. the study attempts to explore the reasons from the respect of both the model itself and iran’s trade structure. this is done by analysing the performanc...

This paper derives the empirical estimation model from endogenous economic growth theory, and tries to provide an effective reasonable answer question ‘how trade affects high-quality development through spillovers’ perspective of spatial interdependence. Based on data 69 countries 2000 2015, it is confirmed that there obvious correlation between neighboring countries’ TFP, TFP geographical show...

Using Rawls's theory of justice, this paper addresses the empirical question of whether the socially responsible market economy can help explain the current situation in financial freedom, as well as its recent variation across countries. Utilizing annual data from selected countries of Middle East, North Africa, Asia and Oceania, and static panel estimation techniques, we provide evidence whic...

One of the specific aspects of our time is the existence of World Trade Organization as an important international center. This organization regulates the commercial laws among the countries, and tries to provide a suitable environment for trade by eliminating the subsidies using protection policies and making a better condition for competition. In order to achieve this objective, the economic ...

there are many agreements for transferring technology, but license agreement is the most important agreement in this regard. according to the mentioned agreement, the owner of patent or technology as licensor grants the license to licensee in specific duration and in a given territory. exclusive rights of licensor and the objectives of competition law, including the welfare of consumers or prev...