The most important property of a fluid is its viscosity, it determines the flow properties. If one simulates a fluid using a particle model, calculating the viscosity accurately is difficult because it is a collective property. In this article we describe a new method that has a better signal to noise ratio than existing methods. It is based on using periodic boundary conditions to simulate cou...

objectives: herbal medicine is known as a valid alternative treatment. salvia reuterana, which has been used in the iranian traditional medicine, is mostly distributed in the central highlands of iran. salvia reuterana is a medicinal herb with various therapeutic usages. the aim of the present review is to take account of pharmacological properties of salvia reuterana. materials and methods: th...

This paper formalizes the concept of Collective Intelligence (C-I). Application of the Random PROLOG Processor (RPP) has allowed us to model the phenomenon of C-I in social structures, and to define a C-I measure (IQS). This approach works for various beings: bacterial ÷ insect colonies to human social structures. It gives formal justification to well-known patterns of behavior in social struct...

The hydrophobic interaction drives nonpolar solutes to aggregate in aqueous solution, and hence plays a critical role in many fundamental processes in nature. An important property intrinsic to hydrophobic interaction is its cooperative nature, which is originated from the collective motions of water hydrogen bond networks surrounding hydrophobic solutes. This property is widely believed to enh...

Simple locative sentences show a variety of pseudo-quantificational interpretations. Some locatives give the impression of universal quantification over parts of objects, others involve existential quantification, and yet others cannot be characterized by either of these quantificational terms. This behavior is explained by virtually all semantic theories of locatives. What has not been previou...

The best-known property of superfluid helium is the vanishing viscosity that objects experience while moving through the liquid with speeds below the so-called critical Landau velocity. This critical velocity is generally considered a macroscopic property as it is related to the collective excitations of the helium atoms in the liquid. In the present work we determine to what extent this concep...

Perceived unsafety, fear of crime, and avoidance were studied in relation to different types crime time perspectives, concentrated disadvantage, collective efficacy, urbanity, age structure, neighborhood disorder. Four data sources used on a large Swedish city; community survey from 2012 2015 among residents, census socio-demographics, police reported violent (assault robbery the public environ...

This paper addresses systematic variations in the interpretation of indefinites and plurals when appearing within prepositional phrases and other spatial expressions. We show that these variations are explained when spatial processes in semantics locate the sets associated with properties and other setbased denotations of nominals. Starting with spatial indefinites we consider contrasts like th...