proteomics concerns itself with the characterization and function of all cellular proteins, the ultimate determinants of cellular function. mass spectrometry has emerged as the preferred method for in-depth characterization of the protein components of biological systems. using mass spectrometry, key insights into the composition, regulation and function of molecular complexes and pathways have...

Living organisms can sense and respond to external and internal stimuli. Response isdemonstrated in many forms including modulation of gene expression profiles, motility,secretion, cell death, etc. Nevertheless, all forms share a basic property: they depend on sensingsmall changes in the concentration of an effector molecule or subtle conformational changes ina protein and invoking the appropri...

Copper (Cu) is a trace element necessary for the growth and development of all living organisms, third most abundant metal in body after iron zinc. essential maintaining life processes cells, because several copper-dependent enzymes play an important role key physiological like cellular respiration, oxygen radical scavenging, transport neurotransmitter synthesis. Maintaining copper homeostasis ...

Calcium (Ca) is a significant element that acts as an intracellular second messenger. It is necessary for many physiological processes in spermatozoa including spermatogenesis, sperm motility, capacitation, acrosome reaction and fertilization. Although influences of Calcium deficiency on sperm function and male infertility have been widely studied, mechanisms for these abnormalities are not wel...