There are many naturally occurring variants at the Ml-a locus in barley that confer resistance to the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei. Since the Ml-a locus is bracketed by Hor-1 and Hor-2, genes that encode storage proteins in the endosperm, the Ml-a locus is amenable to fine structure analysis. Rare susceptible recombinants, as judged by exchange of flanking markers, were...

Gall midges induce formation of host nutritive cells and alter plant metabolism to utilize host resources. Here we show that the gene Mayetiola destructor susceptibility-1 on wheat chromosome 3AS encodes a small heat-shock protein and is a major susceptibility gene for infestation of wheat by the gall midge M. destructor, commonly known as the Hessian fly. Transcription of Mayetiola destructor ...

Nicotinamide nucleotide coenzymes were estimated spectrophotometrically in noninfected barley leaves and leaves infected with Erysiphe graminis var hordei (powdery mildew). Amounts of NADH, NADP(+) and NADPH were not altered by infection. In contrast, the NAD(+) content rose sharply and at 144 hours was 100% greater than in noninfected leaves. The respiratory rate was increased in infected leav...

Fungal cereal pathogens, including Blumeria graminis f.sp. avenae, have the ability to adapt specific conditions, which in turn leads overcoming host resistance. An important aspect is standardized way of characterizing races and pathotypes pathogen. In presented work, for first time it was proposed use a unified letter code that allows describing B. avenae. The set 14 oat genotypes were used a...

A novel removing polymerase chain reaction (R-PCR) technique was developed, which can eliminate undesired genes, cycle by cycle, with efficiencies of 60.9% (cDNAs), 73.6% (genomic DNAs), and ~ 100% (four DNA fragments were tested). Major components of the R-PCR include drivers, a thermostable restriction enzyme - ApeKI, and a poly(dA) adapter with mismatched restriction enzyme recognition sites...

Development and refinement of methods to analyse differential gene expression has been essential in the progress of molecular biology. A novel approach called iGentifier is presented for profiling known and unknown transcriptomes, thus bypassing a major limitation in microarray analysis. The iGentifier technology combines elements of fragment display (e.g. Differential Display or RMDD) and tag ...

The nucleotide binding domain and Leucine-rich repeat (NLR)-containing proteins in plants and animals mediate pathogen sensing inside host cells and mount innate immune responses against microbial pathogens. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) mildew A (MLA) locus encodes coiled-coil (CC)-type NLRs mediating disease resistance against the powdery mildew pathogen Blumeria graminis. Here, we report dire...

Powdery mildew fungi are obligate biotrophic pathogens that only grow on living hosts and cause damage in thousands of plant species. Despite their agronomical importance, little direct functional evidence for genes of pathogenicity and virulence is currently available because mutagenesis and transformation protocols are lacking. Here, we show that the accumulation in barley (Hordeum vulgare) a...

The development of new anti-ureolytic compounds is great interest due to the newly discovered role urease inhibitors in crop protection. Purine degradation and generation ammonium by are required for full virulence biotrophic hemibiotrophic fungal plant pathogens. Accordingly, chemicals displaying inhibitor activity may be used as a novel class fungicides. Several belonging different chemical c...