this paper surveys economic growth and energy consumption relationship by new econometric methods in different sectors of iran. this study uses panel error correction model and panel co integration and causality tests to investigate short run and long run relationship between energy and value added growth in different sectors of iran’s economy with regards to energy price in the time period of ...

Several studies have suggested the possibility of reverse causation in the ‘democratic peace’ relationship: that the well-known extreme rarity of wars between democratic nations may be partially or wholly explained by a negative impact of war on democracy. Three kinds of war-on-regime effects are discussed. Anterior effects are regime changes that occur in preparation for wars; concurrent effec...

This paper investigates the nature of the causal linkage between stock markets and foreign exchange markets in Australia, Canada, Japan, Switzerland, and UK from 1992:1 to 2005:12. Recently developed cointegration tests are employed and no evidence of a long-run relationship between the variables is found. Three variations of the Granger causality test are carried out and causality from exchang...

This study examines the causal relationship between international public relations expenditure and its economic returns at the country level. In order to overcome the limitations of previous studies that have attempted to quantify the outcomes of public relations efforts and investments using correlations, this study conducted a more rigorous causality test by measuring the relationship between...

BACKGROUND To identify demographic and clinical characteristics associated with cases of hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTCL) in patients with Crohn's disease, and to assess strength of evidence for a causal relationship between medications and HSTCL in Crohn's disease. METHODS We identified cases of HSTCL in Crohn's disease in studies included in a comparative effectiveness review of Crohn'...

To examine the long-term causality between Cardiorespiratory Electromyography Galvanic signals for 17 drivers taken from Stress Recognition in Automobile Drivers database. Methods: Two statistical methods, co-integration to reveal an eventual existence of a long-term relationship between ECG (Electrocardiograph), EMG (electromyography), GSR (galvanic skin resistance), heart rate (HR) and respir...

The paper examines the causal relationship between FDI and economic growth by using an innovative econometric methodology to study the direction of causality between the two variables. We apply our methodology, based on the Toda-Yamamoto test for causality, to time-series data covering the period 19692000 for three developing countries, namely Chile, Malaysia and Thailand, all of them major rec...

If Einstein’s equations are to describe a field theory of gravity in Minkowski spacetime, then causality requires that the effective curved metric must respect the flat background metric’s null cone. The kinematical problem is solved using a generalized eigenvector formalism based on the Segré classification of symmetric rank 2 tensors with respect to a Lorentzian metric. Securing the correct r...

l present a cognitive model of the human ability to acquire causal relationships. I report on experimental evidence demonstrating that human learners acquire accurate causal relationships more rapidly when training examples ore consistent with a general theory of causality. This article describes o learning process thot uses a general theory of causality as background knowledge. The learning pr...