Bio-oil can be fractionated into three parts according to their boiling points. This research reported that light distillates could be converted into oxygenated liquid fuels through a two-stage hydrotreatment approach, using a Pd/C catalyst. The main goal of the first hydrotreatment stage was to stabilize the high active components, which contained carbon–carbon double bonds and aldehyde groups...

A novel generic method of silica supported catalyst system generation from a fluid state is presented. The technique is based on the combined flow and radiation (such as microwave, thermal or UV) induced co-assembly of the support and catalyst precursors forming nano-reactors, followed by catalyst precursor decomposition. The transformation from the precursor to supported catalyst oxide state c...

In the present study, protein-extracted grass residue (press cake) was processed through hydrothermal liquefaction under sub and supercritical temperatures (300, 350 400 °C) with without using a potassium carbonate catalyst. The results revealed that bio-crude yield influenced by both temperature catalyst found to be effective at °C (350 Cat) for enhancing yield, whereas state in catalytic non-...

The bio-based economy can and should be to the 21 century what the fossil-based economy was to the 20 century. Agriculture will be core to the bio-based economy, providing source materials for commodity items, e.g. liquid fuels and value-added products such as chemicals and materials. For example, a hectare (2.47 acres) of biomass crop converted to 16,800 L (4,450 gallons) of ethanol at a cost ...

Without using any toxic or hazardous reagent, ligand, acid, transition metal catalyst, additives/promoters and organic solvent, green Knoevenagel condensation and tandem Knoevenagel-Michael reactions have been successfully carried out by using chickpea leaf exudates as a naturally sourced Bronsted acid type bio-catalyst. The reaction proceeds in neat chickpea leaf exudates at room temperature i...

Besides closed loop recycling approaches–monomer to product monomer–open is a promising strategy for circular plastics economy, preventing waste and the use of fossil resources. Polylactide (PLA), bio-based biodegradable polymer, polymerized by catalyst [FeCl2(TMG5NMe2asme)]. The same used depolymerization end-of-life PLA with different nucleophiles obtain value-added products like lactates or ...

in order to study the effects of integrated application of bio-fertilizer and chemical fertilizers on yield and yield components of corn, an experiment was conducted in 2008 in dezful city, (khoozestan province) in a factorial arrangement based on complete randomized block design with four replications. treatments were integrated application of biological and chemical fertilizers in four levels...

Based on starch and series of alkyl benzene sulfonic acid as the materials, a novel carbon-based solid acid catalyst is synthesized using hydrothermal method. This catalyst exhibits much higher catalytic activity in the reaction of esterification of Mono-fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene maleate esters with 1,4-butanediol. The structure of carbon-based solid acid catalyst was charactered by IR and ...

This study has demonstrated, for the first time, a simple, fast and flexible microwave processing method simultaneous preparation of bio-products (bio-oil, bio-gas biochar) using methodology that avoids any form catalyst or chemical activation. The dielectric properties biomass physicochemical characterisation such as TGA, elemental proximate analysis, XRD, SEM/EDX textural properties, showed 8...

−Landfill leachate is a toxic effluent of a decomposing landfill that is produced when rainwater percolates through the landfill leaching out contaminants and pollutants. Untreated leachate is a potential source for the contamination of soil, surface and ground water. In this study, the treatment processes such as granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption/bio-sorption (batch), and advanced oxi...