The present study was aimed to construct a fusion plasmid harboring the extracellular domain of the influenza A M2-protein (M2e), which was fused to the N-terminus of the truncated HSP70 (HSP70359–610) molecule as a new approach for future vaccine research against influenza A. The amplified fragments, M2e and HSP70359-610 genes, were gel-purified. The products were then single digested with Bam...

although migratory waterfowl is well known to be a major reservoir for avian influenza virus (aiv), there are only few recently published reports about the seroprevalence of aiv in this group of birds. to investigate the aiv antibody status in migratory waterfowl of iran, we collected 217 serum samples from 25 different species of waterfowl during 2003 and 2004. these serum samples were tested ...

The hemagglutinins (HAs) of human H1 and H3 influenza viruses and avian H5 influenza virus were produced as recombinant fusion proteins with the human immunoglobulin Fc domain. Recombinant HA-human immunoglobulin Fc domain (HA-HuFc) proteins were secreted from baculovirus-infected insect cells as glycosylated oligomer HAs of the anticipated molecular mass, agglutinated red blood cells, were pur...

The generation of vaccines for highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, including those of the H5N1 subtype, relies on reverse genetics, which allows the production of influenza viruses from cloned cDNA. In the future, reverse genetics will likely be the method of choice for the generation of conventional influenza vaccine strains because gene reassortment by more traditional methods is cumbe...

Since 2003, triple reassortant (TR) swine H3N2 influenza viruses containing gene segments from human, avian, and swine origins have been detected in the U.S. turkey populations. The initial outbreak that occurred involved birds that were vaccinated with the currently available H3 swine- and avian-origin influenza vaccines. Antigenically, all turkey swine-lineage TR H3N2 isolates are closely rel...

An influenza pandemic represents one of the greatest acute infectious threats to health. The 1918–1919 influenza pandemic caused an estimated 500,000 deaths in the United States, making it the most fatal event in all of US history. The spread of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza across much of Asia creates a substantial risk of igniting the next pandemic. In 2004, 44 human cases caused by ...

A novel avian-origin H7N9 influenza strain emerged in China in April 2013. Since its re-emergence in October-November 2013, the number of reported cases has accelerated; more than 220 laboratory-confirmed cases and 112 deaths (case fatality rate of 20-30%) have been reported. The resurgence of H7N9 has re-emphasized the importance of making faster and more effective influenza vaccines than thos...

In this study, reverse genetics was applied to produce vaccine candidate strains against highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of the H5N1 subtype. The H5 subtype vaccine strains were generated by a reverse genetics method in a biosafety level 2 facility. The strain contained the HA gene from the H5N1 subtype HPAIV attenuated by genetic modification at the cleavage site, the NA gen...

Aim The objective of the present study was to prepare a trivalent inactivated vaccine of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), H5N1, and H9N2 viruses. Materials and Methods Three monovalent and a trivalent vaccines were prepared by emulsifying inactivated NDV (LaSota strain), reassortant H5N1, and H9N2 viruses with Montanide ISA 71 oil adjuvant. Parameters used for evaluation of the efficacy of the ...