Depression and pain disorders are often diagnosed in the same patients. Here we summarize the shared pathophysiology between both disorders and the importance of addressing all symptoms in patients with comorbid pain and depression. We describe anatomical structures that are activated and/or altered in response to both depression and pain--examples include the insular cortex, the prefrontal cor...

Escalation of drug use, a hallmark of drug dependence, has traditionally been interpreted as reflecting the development of tolerance to the drug's effects. However, on the basis of animal behavioral data, several groups have recently proposed alternative explanations, i.e. that such an escalation of drug use might not be based on (1) tolerance, but rather be indicative of (2) sensitization to t...

Body In a recent article in TICS [1], Seth makes the compelling claim that interoceptive inference (i.e., the approximate Bayesian inference about internal bodily states) underlies body ownership and selfhood. In this letter, we argue that the significance of interoceptive inference extends beyond this. In particular, we emphasise the role of interoceptive inference in both homeostasis and allo...

Living organisms have regular patterns and routines that involve obtaining food and carrying out life-history stages such as breeding, migrating, molting and hibernating. The acquisition, utilization, and storage of energy reserves (and other resources) are critical to lifetime reproductive success, and this reproductive process could be affected by predictable and unpredictable environmental c...

The successful transfer of farmed post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) depends on proper stress responses and cognitive functions during the early seawater (SW) phase. However, with increasing summer oceanic temperatures, these processes may become a challenge, implicating allostasis welfare. Therefore, we examined effect from 10°C SW to elevated temperatures (13°C, 16°C, 18°C) plasma corti...

Alteration of riverine flows can modify the structure and function ecosystems, changing energy pathways patterns micronutrient transfer between trophic levels. Fatty acids (FAs) commonly are used to evaluate food quality, since some FAs required for somatic growth physiological functions in animals must be obtained from their diet. also food-web studies as biotracers a consequence constrained m...

BACKGROUND The opioid peptide beta-endorphin (beta-E) is synthesized and released in response to stressful stimuli as well as acute alcohol administration. The release of beta-E following exposure to an inescapable aversive situation may mediate behaviors that contribute to allostasis of the stress response. The present study examines the effects of beta-E on immobility in assays involving ines...

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are members of an enzyme family that require a zinc ion in their active site for catalytic activity. MMPs are critical for maintaining tissue allostasis. MMPs are active at neutral pH and can therefore catalyze the normal turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules such as the interstitial and basement membrane collagens, proteoglycans such as aggrecan...

In understanding the associations between emotional experience and physiological processes, time is a central variable.Most physiological processes are moving targets—they change from moment to moment and over the course of days, months, and years. Stress-sensitive physiological systems, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system, are in fact design...