Previous studies have revealed that the glucoincretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)(7-36)amide is metabolized by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP) to yield GLP-1(9-36)amide and GLP-1(28-36)amide, respectively, as the principal metabolites. Contrary to the previous notion that GLP-1(7-36)amide metabolites are pharmacologically inactive, recent studi...

The title mol-ecule, C(26)H(22)N(4)O(2), is centrosymmetric and adopts an anti conformation. Two intra-molecular hydrogen bonds, viz. amide-pyridine N-H⋯N and phen-yl-amide C-H⋯O, stabilize the trans conformation of the (pyridine-2-carboxamido)-phenyl group about the amide plane. In the crystal, the presence of weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds results in the formation of a three-dimens...

The thio-amide and quaternary amine parts of the title compound, C(6)H(15)N(2)S(+)·Cl(-), are mutually almost perpendicular, the dihedral angle being 80.6 (7)°. The thio-amide group is planar and adopts a Z conformation, whereas the amine end of the cation is in an extended conformation. In the supra-molecular structure, mol-ecules are linked into centrosymmetric dimers by two hydrogen bonds: N...

The rational design of heterometallic compounds bearing s-block metal ions have been a difficult task for chemists owing to their lack preferential geometries. However, some strategies, such as the coordinating pockets with different sizes and/or donor atoms, offered great results. In this work, strategy has tested using Ca(II) an ion and compound previously obtained by our group formula [Zn3(μ...

Structures of three cocrystals nootropic racetams were studied. They included two phenylpiracetam (PPA) with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) different stoichiometries, PPA·HBA and PPA·2HBA, cocrystal 2-(4-phenyl-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)-N’-isopropylideneacetohydrazide (PPAH) 4-hydroxybenzamide (HBD), PPAH·HBD·(acetone solvate). X-ray study the pure forms PPA PPAH was also carried out to identify varia...

Introduction and Background: Ceramics are inorganic, nonmetallic materials, such as alumina, beryllia, or glassceramic, whose final characteristics are produced by subjection to high temperatures. Nanomaterials is a rapidly growing area of ceramics [1-3] and can be classified into the following categories: Nano-particles submicron or ultra micron size particles; Nano-fibers – nanometer (nm) siz...

the level of dental and oral hygiene on elementary school age children is very low, so it can be increasing the incidence of dental and oral diseases which caused by various microorganisms. moutwash can keep dental and oral hygiene, but many commercial mouthwash is still used alcohol as their ingredients, which can be giving side effects, therefore, we still needed used alternative mouthwash, w...

objective: curcumin is extracted from curcuma longa and regulates the intracellular signal pathways which control the growth of cancerous cell, inflammation, invasion and apoptosis. curcumin molecules have special intrinsic features that can target the intracellular enzymes, genome (dna) and messengers (rna). a wide range of studies have been conducted on the physicochemical traits and pharmaco...

Discovery of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) in the Japanese quail in 2000 was the first to demonstrate the existence of a hypothalamic neuropeptide inhibiting gonadotropin release. We now know that GnIH regulates reproduction by inhibiting gonadotropin synthesis and release via action on the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) system and the gonadotrope in various vertebrates. GnIH pe...

The application of Raman spectroscopy to characterize natively unfolded proteins has been underdeveloped, even though it has significant technical advantages. We propose that a simple three-component band fitting of the amide I region can assist in the conformational characterization of the ensemble of structures present in natively unfolded proteins. The Raman spectra of alpha-synuclein, a pro...