In this paper, several two-dimensional extensions of principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) techniques has been applied in a lossless dimensionality reduction framework, for face recognition application. In this framework, the benefits of dimensionality reduction were used to improve the performance of its predictive model, which was a support vector machine (...

Contemporary world is faced with numerous threats and dangers. None of them can be solved by war, military action and economic sanctions. Neither disagreement nor conflicts can be solved by war. Humans are “eusocial” species (the technical term for displaying altruistic behaviour), like ants. Humans are cooperative and competitive, selfish and altruistic. Even if we accept that humans may have ...

We prove a strong version of a theorem of Balcerzak-RoslanowskiShelah by showing, in ZFC, that there exists a simply definable Borel σ-ideal for which both the ccc and property (M) fail. The proof involves Polish group actions. Definition. A Borel ideal is an ideal I on a Polish space X with the following property: for all A ∈ I, there exists a Borel subset B of X such that A ⊂ B and B ∈ I. We ...

Propositionalism is the view that all intentional states are propositional states, which are states with a propositional content, while objectualism is the view that at least some intentional states are objectual states, which are states with objectual contents, such as objects, properties, and kinds. This chapter argues that there is a distinction between the deep nature of intentional states ...

A generalization of subjective expected utility is presented in which the primitives are a finite set of states of the world, a finite set of strategies available to the decision maker, and allocations of money. The model does not require explicit definitions of consequences (“states of the person”), nor does it rely on counterfactual preferences, nor does it emphasize the unique separation of ...