In Mexico, the bdemocratization of natural assetsQ through an agrarian reform process laid the territorial foundation for the establishment of a large community forest sector. The common property regime and agrarian policies established by the Mexican Revolution also created a common form of governance for all of rural Mexico. Concepts from common property theory and social and natural capital ...

The strategic effects of subsidies on output and subsidies on investment differ substantiaily in dynamic models where a government's commitment ability is limited. Output subsidies remain effective even as the period of commitment vanishes, but investment subsidies may become completely ineffective. This difference has been obscured because most existing models of strategic trade policy are sta...

The strategic effects of subsidies on output and subsidies on investment differ substantially in dynamic modeis where a government's commitment ability is limited. Output subsidies remain effective even as the period of commitment vanishes. but investment subsidies may become completeiy ineffective. This difference has been obscured because most existing models of strategic trade policy are sta...

to promote their exports and get access to world market, many countries have adopted the policy of exports subsidies. subsidies are usually provided by governments or state bodies which cause adverse effects to the interests of another member of countries or disturb the process of free trade worldwide. world trade organization (wto) which is established on free and fair trade, has put limitatio...

Care or Cash? The Effect of Child Care Subsidies on Student Performance Given the wide use of childcare subsidies across countries, it is surprising how little we know about the effect of these subsidies on children’s longer run outcomes. Using a sharp discontinuity in the price of childcare in Norway, we are able to isolate the effects of childcare subsidies on both parental and student outcom...

Pakistan, like many LDCs, derives most of government revenue from indirect taxation. However, the system of taxes and subsidies has grown up piecemeal over the years, and it is unlikely that it cannot be improved. Any tax reform proposal must deal with the basic issues of equity and efficiency. Changes in taxes benefit or hurt people according to their demand and supply patterns, while the effe...

Background: Socioeconomic indicators are the main factors that affect health outcome. Health price index (HPI) and households living costs (HLC) are affected by economic reform. This study aimed at examining the effect of subsidy targeting plan (STP) on HPI and HLC.    Methods: The social accounting matrix was used to study the direct and indirect effects of STP. We chose 11 health r...

Conventional wisdom in political economy warns that once an economic policy is introduced, it is likely to persist. Even when its original rationale is no longer applicable or has been proven invalid, a policy will prove hard to remove. Empirical support for this position abounds. In both developed and developing countries, many policies appear remarkably resilient. In the United States, farm p...

Abstract. In this article, the authors confi rm need for further reform of pensions in Ukraine. The relevance chosen topic is that pension system needs to be reformed, as it cannot create decent living conditions pensioners. Despite some important changes development system, its has not yet been completed, budget Pension Fund Ukraine still signifi cantly dependent on subsidies (35% 2021), and m...

Although coverage rates and health outcomes are improving, many poor people around the world still do not benefit from essential health products. An estimated two-thirds of child deaths could be prevented with increased coverage of products such as vaccines, point-of-use water treatment, iron fortification, and insecticide-treated bednets. What limits the flow of products from the producer's la...