BACKGROUND Nondaily or intermittent smokers (ITS) are increasingly common, but how much nicotine, if any, ITS take in and how quickly they metabolize it has not yet been studied. METHODS We compared carbon monoxide (CO), urinary cotinine, and nicotine metabolism [nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR): 3-hydroxycotinine:cotinine] in 224 ITS and 222 daily smokers (DS). Effects of gender and ethnicity...

In this paper, we present data from three Norwegian dialect types, NOR-1, NOR-2 and NOR-3, which differ with respect to the verb second (V2) requirement in wh-questions: NOR-1 (represented by Standard Norwegian) requires V2 in all main clauses, NOR-3 (represented by the Nordmøre dialect) lacks this requirement in all wh-questions, while NOR-2 (represented by the Tromsø dialect) lacks the requir...

Hearing loss during the critical period for language acquisition restricts spoken language input. This input limitation, in turn, may hamper syntactic development. This study examined the comprehension, production, and repetition of Wh-questions in deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH) children. The participants were 11 orally trained Hebrew-speaking children aged 9.1-12.4 with moderate-to-profound hea...

Unlike comprehension of declarative sentences, comprehension of wh-questions in agrammatic aphasia is a neglected research topic. Not all whquestions are understood equally well yet the nature of this difficulty has received sparse attention in the literature. According to one view (Avrutin 2000), which follows Pesetsky's (1987) well-known distinction of whquestions, questions beginning with wh...

Single-Nanowire Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Paritosh Mohanty,† Ilsun Yoon,† Taejoon Kang,† Kwanyong Seo,† Kumar S. K. Varadwaj,† Wonjun Choi,‡ Q-Han Park,‡ Jae Pyung Ahn,§ Yung Doug Suh,| Hyotcherl Ihee,† and Bongsoo Kim*,† Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea, Department of Physics, Korea UniVersity, Seoul 136-701, Korea, Nano-Material Research Center, KIST, Seoul 136-7...

It was claimed by variationists that languages experience variation at all levels, which is supposed to be patterned. The present study aimed at exploring how variation occurred in English and Persian wh-questions. More specifically, it investigated whether such a variation was systematic and patterned. To this end, a modified version of the Edinburgh Map Task was used in data collection. The p...

There is a debate as to whether second language (L2) learners show qualitatively similar processing profiles as native speakers or whether L2 learners are restricted in their ability to use syntactic information during online processing. In the realm of wh-dependency resolution, research has examined whether learners, similar to native speakers, attempt to resolve wh-dependencies in grammatical...

The derivation of (1) seems rather straightforward. The wh-phrase fronts to Spec, PP, supporting the process that Henk so convincingly argued for in his 1978 book, and pied-pipes the PP to Spec, CP. Aissen (1996) proposes an analysis along these lines for Tzotzil. In essence, PP internal whmovement brings the wh-phrase high enough into the PP to enable successful checking of wh in Spec, CP, thr...

The paper investigates the conditions under which German twoplace verbs like wissen dass 'know' and bedauern dass 'regret' embed interrogatives. We present a necessary and sufficient condition for a dassverb to have an ob-form. The corresponding verbs we call objective. An objective verb has a wh-form (F weiß, wer kommt 'F knows who is coming') if it satisfies a further condition stating that i...

One of the most pervasive properties of human language is the existence of dependencies: necessary relationships that hold between two elements in a sentence. The primary objects of study in this volume are long-distance “fillergap” dependencies – a special subset of dependencies that are not constrained by standard measures of length such as number of words or number of clauses. For example, w...