The tiered approaches used in the European Union and the USA for the risk assessment of substances in food-contact materials are based on the principle that the amounts of data required to establish safety-in-use depend on the extent of dietary exposure. Tiered approaches are increasingly recognized as sound approaches for chemical risk assessment, which not only offer consumers reasonable cert...

Over the years, environment and the human population have seen an increasing exposure to both existing and newly developed chemicals. It is generally accepted that at least some of those are toxic, albeit as pure compound or in combination with others. In response to a growing public awareness and scientific data, the new European chemicals legislation (Registration, Evaluation and Authorizatio...

Genetic differences in response to chemicals are probably ubiquitous. The implications of such genetic differences for the design of toxicological experiments is reviewed. The inclusion of genetic differences as factors in factorial experimental designs is illustrated by an experiment to investigate differences between inbred strains of mice in the length of anaesthesia following the administra...

Nuclear receptors (NRs) are involved in fundamental human health processes and a relevant target for toxicological risk assessment. To help prioritize chemicals that can mimic natural hormones be endocrine disruptors, computational models useful tool.1,2 In this work we i) created an exhaustive collection of NR modulators ii) applied machine learning methods to fill the data-gap NRs by building...

This report presents the conclusions of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee convened to evaluate the safety of various food additives, with a view to recommending Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADIs) for humans, and to prepare specifications for the identity and purity of food additives. The first part of the report contains a general discussion of the principles governing the toxicological evaluation ...

The objective of this study was to investigate the toxicological information of freeze-dried powder from Allomyrina dichotoma (A. dichotoma) larvae as a food ingredient. The powder, suspended in distilled water, was administered once daily by oral gavage to four groups of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at dose levels of 0 (vehicle control), 250, 850, and 2500 mg/kg/day. After 13 wks of repeated admin...

BACKGROUND Scoparia dulcis Linn (Scrophulariaceae) together with other medicinal plants serve as antisickling remedies in Africa. This study was aimed at investigating the antisickling activity of the leaves of the plant as well as establishing the toxicological profile. METHOD Chemical tests were employed in phytochemical investigations. Evaluation of the antisickling activity involved the i...

The theoretical tolerable implant masses for ten magnesium alloys as degradable biomedical implant materials are evaluated in this study. Dose-response assessment is conducted using toxicological data from authoritative public health agencies such as the US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and the USEPA Integrated Risk Information System, and assuming 1 year of even corrosion. U...

The priority-based assessment of food additives (PAFA) is a database maintained by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. PAFA contains extensive administrative, chemical, and toxicological information on 1685 regulated direct food additives. The database also has limited administrative and chemical information on an additional 1236 direct addi...