Shading and mechanical stress (MS) modulate plant architecture by inducing different developmental pathways. Shading results in increased stem elongation, often reducing whole-plant mechanical stability, while MS inhibits elongation, with a concomitant increase in stability. Here, we examined how these organ-level responses are related to patterns and processes at the cellular level by exposing...

Recent increases in Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. forest density in the southwestern United States have severely reduced understory herbaceous biomass and altered understory species composition. To examine whether changes in graminoid species composition are caused by increased shading, we studied the effects of shade on leaf gas exchange, biomass, and reproductive characteristics of five gra...

The influence of foliage vertical distribution on vegetation gross primary production (GPP) is investigated in this study. A new photosynthesis model has been created that combines the standard sunlit/shaded leaf separation (two-leaf) and the multiple layer approaches and uses vertical foliage profiles measured by SLICER (the Scanning Lidar Imager of Canopies by Echo Recovery). Daily gross carb...

The transcriptional response of Staphylococcus aureus strain Newman to sunlight exposure was investigated under both oxic and anoxic conditions using RNA sequencing to gain insight into potential mechanisms of inactivation. S. aureus is a pathogenic bacterium detected at recreational beaches which can cause gastrointestinal illness and skin infections, and is of increasing public health concern...

A plant canopy consists of an assemblage of plants with leaves that possess a particular spatial distribution and assortment of angle orientations (de Wit, 1965; Monsi et al., 1973). How a collection of leaves intercepts sunlight and uses light energy to assimilate CO 2 is the basis of canopy photosynthesis. The major factors affecting canopy photosynthesis, through light interception, include ...

Light is an electromagnetic transverse wave, which means that it oscillates in directions perpendicular to its propagation (see Figure 1). Since light is a wave, it is characterized by its wavelength—the distance from peak to peak. Electromagnetic wavelengths cover a very wide range but only a tiny part of this range (about 400 to 700 nanometers) is visible to humans and thus of interest for sh...

One of the most successful algorithms that brought realism to the world of 3D image generation is Phong shading. It is an algorithm for smooth shading meshes of planar polygons used to represent curved surfaces. The level of realism and depth perception that can be obtained by Phong shading is attractive for 3D CAD applications and related areas. However, per pixel computation costs which were ...

ÐAn adaptive image segmentation scheme is proposed employing the Delaunay triangulation for image splitting. The tessellation grid of the Delaunay triangulation is adapted to the semantics of the image data by combining region and edge information. To achieve robustness against imaging conditions (e.g., shading, shadows, illumination, and highlights), photometric invariant similarity measures, ...