This Article analyzes cartel criminalization in Europe from a deterrence and institutional perspective. First, it investigates the idea of criminalization by putting it in perspective with the more general question of what types of sanctions a jurisdiction might adopt against collusive behavior. Second, it analyzes the institutional element of criminalization by (1) discussing the compatibility...

Objectives : to study and characterize the modern world economy, identify actual goals of sanctions war, propose measures mitigate sanctions. Methods in course research, such methods abstract-logical approach were used as: analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison, analogy, deduction, induction, prediction. Results causes, prerequisites war revealed that caused emergence economy. It is pr...

iran’s economy is recognizes as a high inflationary country (for near almost all years after islamic revelation)  which is suffered to external shocks such as external  conflict interactions (for example war and sanctions) and   oil price shocks. therefore, analysis and estimation of money demand in iran should consider above issues in order to have efficient  money supply  policy. this paper, ...

This essay is concerned about how to evaluate positive theories on Latin American development. Its content is nested in a broader discussion on theoretical decay and theoretical progress by using Imre Lakatos’ approach of sophisticated falsificationism. The main argument states that theory driven research on Latin American development provides further evidence to the assumption that methodologi...

Purpose With sanctions becoming an increasingly important tool in ostracising autocratic regimes from western markets, the need for effective enforcement of and anti-money laundering (AML) is increasing, global AML regime will be backbone to detecting evasion sanctions. This regime, however, has been widely criticised as ineffective. paper aims discuss issues with current sanctions/AML propose ...

The imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council (UNSC) is notoriously selective. Many crises have qualified for UNSC endangering peace and security, yet has imposed in only a few. Selectivity conventionally explained conflict intensity or interests Council’s permanent members. Complementing these accounts, we document third explanation: pre-existing regional organizations. We argue that ...

School accountability programs operate under the premise that public schools have insufficient incentives to use resources efficiently. The positive or negative sanctions incorporated into the program are intended to provide these incentives. This paper evaluates the impact of incentives associated with the Federal No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 on school performance in North Carolina ...

Following recent sanctions on foreign trade, financial and banking services, Iran has faced major difficulties for importing medicines (both finished products and pharmaceutical raw materials) and medical devices. Problems with money transfer have made it extremely lengthy in time to import medicine and medical devices and these have negatively affected access to and affordability of medicines....

As of March 2001, 29 U.S. states had provided enhanced sanctions for high-BAC impaired driving offenders. Minnesota’s high-BAC statute, implemented in 1998, resulted in more severe case dispositions for high-BAC offenders than for other offenders. Overall dispositions for first and repeat offenders were more severe after the law, and the rate of alcohol test refusals was stable. The effective i...

Employee violations of IS security policies are reported as a key concern for organizations. Although behavioral research on IS security has received increasing attention from IS scholars, little empirical research has examined this problem. To address this research gap, the authors test a model based on Rational Choice Theory (RCT)—a prominent criminological theory not yet applied in IS—which ...