During the Saxon period (1697–1763) Sejm of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth experienced an extremely serious crisis. The latter, however, did not come into being in 1697, but was a continuum inferior functioning Polish Parliament already during previous years. In course era this crisis grew more grievous as demonstrated by intervention foreign states (Russia, Prussia, Empire, France, and partly ...

although the history of communication is as old as history of human society, the speed and volume of communication with the advent of electronic era in the 19th century created a revolution in the communication technology. at a time when prussia was traversing the path of industrialization and the number of companies investing in different industries was increasing by the day, the company of si...

This paper describes an experimentation methodology to measure how demand varies with price and the results of its application at a toy retailer. The same product is assigned different price-points in different store panels and the resulting sales are used to estimate a demand curve. We use a variant of the k-median problem to form store panels that control for differences between stores and pr...

In view of proliferation of digital technologies and increasing popularity of digital 3D documentation of cultural heritage — being a result of both digitization of existing artefacts and computer-based 3D reconstruction of lost art and architecture — the implementation of reliable standards is of growing importance. The paper considers potential benefits and inherent problems of digital recons...

Max Weber believed that bureaucracy could be understood by analysing its ideal-typical characteristics, and that these characteristics would become more pervasive as the modern age advanced. Weber’s horizontal account of bureaucracy can be criticised on various grounds, including its unrealistic notion of bureaucratic rationality. An alternative view is proposed, namely, that the development of...

Pressure ulcers (PU) have plagued critically ill and debilitated patients since the dawn of recorded medicine. Pressure ulcers are associated with adverse patient outcomes, and contribute to patient pain, depression, loss of function and independence, increased incidence of infection and sepsis, additional surgical interventions, and prolonged hospital stays. Therefore, the best treatment for p...

Between 1858 and 1865, the great Scottish historian Thomas Carlyle wrote a 6-volume opus on the life and times of King Frederick the Great of Prussia. This work had followed his 1841 masterpiece “On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History.” In these publications, Carlyle developed what we now call the “Great Man” theory of history. This states that “the history of the world is but a biog...