In a new system for DNA computation called programmed mutagenesis, DNA strands are rewritten according to 'rules' that are sequence specific. In a programmed mutagenesis reaction DNA sequences undergo programmed changes, and these changes are implemented by an in-vitro mutagenesis system that is based on thermal cycling the rewriting reaction. We describe experimental results that demonstrate t...

Programmed grammars, one of the most important and well investigated classes of grammars with context-free rules and a mechanism controlling the application of the rules, can be described by graphs. We investigate whether or not the restriction to special classes of graphs restricts the generative power of programmed grammars with erasing rules and without appearance checking, too. We obtain th...

CO2 reforming of methane (CRM) over unpromoted and potassium promoted Ni/Al2O3 catalysts was studied. The catalysts were prepared by impregnation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption (BET), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), temperature programmed oxidation (TPO) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. The obtained results showed that addition of K2...

Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is important in the development and homeostasis of metazoans. In the nematode C. elegans, four genes, egl-1, ced-9, ced-4, and ced-3, constitute the core pathway acting in all somatic programmed cell deaths. This pathway is evolutionarily conserved in humans. The BH3-only protein EGL-1 is transcriptionally upregulated in cells fated to undergo programmed cel...

In the avian hindbrain, the loss of premigratory neural crest cells from rhombomeres 3 and 5 (r3, r5) through programmed cell death contributes to the patterning of emigrant crest cells into three discrete streams. Programmed cell death is induced by the upregulation of Bmp4 and Msx2 in r3 and r5. We show that cSFRP2, a WNT antagonist, is expressed in the even-numbered rhombomeres and that over...

The C. elegans gene ced-4 is essential for programmed cell death. We report that ced-4 encodes two transcripts and that whereas the major transcript can cause programmed cell death, the minor transcript can act oppositely and prevent programmed cell death, thus defining a novel class of cell death inhibitors. That ced-4 has both cell-killing and cell-protective functions is consistent with prev...

We describe a DNA computing system called programmed mutagenesis. prove that it is universal, and present experimental results from a prototype computation. DNA is a material with important characteristics, such as possessing all the information necessary for self-reproduction in the presence of appropriate enzymes and components, simple natural evolution mechanism, and miniature scale, all of ...

UNLABELLED A subgroup of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) family of pore-forming toxins (PFTs) has an unusually narrow host range due to a requirement for binding to human CD59 (hCD59), a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked complement regulatory molecule. hCD59-specific CDCs are produced by several organisms that inhabit human mucosal surfaces and can act as pathogens, including ...