The microstructure and microhardness of X70 pipeline steel were investigated after conducting different processing routes. was characterized using optical electron microscopy. Scanning microscopy equipped with backscattered diffraction (EBSD) transmission techniques applied for investigation thermal treatment conditions. Mechanical properties by a tester. results show that the mainly consists g...

Settlement agreements that require a plaintiff not to disclose or publicize any information about her claim are both common and controversial. Under some conditions, however, a mass tort defendant will rationally choose to discourage such secrecy. A defendant can use publicity to act as a commitment device akin to a most-favored-nation agreement to increase its bargaining power with plaintiffs....

Payment systems are one of the key Financial Market Infrastructures (FMIs) and have showed remarkable progress over the past two decades. The first half of this chapter focuses on the evolutionary process of payment systems, starting with the Deferred Net Settlement (DNS) system and progressing to the RealTime Gross Settlement (RTGS) system. Subsequently, much more sophisticated payment systems...

The social complexion of Toronto’s urban landscape has been irreversibly altered since the 1960s as new waves of migrants from Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and Central and South America have replaced traditional white European migrant flows. We examine the very different residential settlement patterns of Toronto’s three largest racial minorities – Blacks, Chinese and South Asians. Unlike previ...

Wooden groin systems on the southwestern Baltic Sea coast are a traditional and important coastal-protection facility, but have been regularly infested and destroyed by the wood-boring bivalve Teredo navalis since the early 1990s. The occurrence of T. navalis was presumed to be limited mainly by the prevailing low salinities. Recently, a possible range expansion of this invasive species to the ...

Captive male dark-eyed juncos from two different aviaries were combined either in one group's original aviary (seven replicates) or in a third aviary (two replicates). These experiments controlled for effects of handling the subjects during transfers between aviaries and, in statistical analysis of the results, took into account constraints on the dominance relationships within combined groups....

After a year and a half of negotiations and failure of an earlier settlement proposal to obtain Congressional approval, the four largest cigarette manufacturers reached a settlement with 46 states over state claims against the tobacco industry on November 23, 1998. According to the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA), cigarette manufacturers agreed to pay participating states $206 billion over th...

conclusions safe water supply and adequate sanitation and hygiene are the important routes for the control and prevention of cholera infection. results cholera is a rare disease in industrialized countries; but, is still common in other parts of the world, including the indian subcontinent, sub-saharan africa, and latin and central american countries (like haiti). symptoms begin with a sudden o...

BACKGROUND Leishmania tarentolae, a unicellular eukaryotic protozoan, has been established as a novel host for recombinant protein production in recent years. Current protocols for protein expression in Leishmania are, however, time consuming and require extensive lab work in order to identify well-expressing cell lines. Here we established an alternative protein expression work-flow that emplo...

A prototype least cost pipeline routing was performed using various data and GIS analysis. Ahvaz-Marun oil pipeline in south west of IRAN was chosen for development of the prototype. The Ahvaz-Marun pipeline was about 34-km and carries Ethan gas from Marun Petrochemical Company (MPC) to Ahvaz. A model was developed incorporating pipeline length, topography, geology, land use, stream, wetland, r...