This article formulates a fundamental problem in the philosophy of action. It will become apparent that the same problem is also an abstract and general, but very important question for the field of artificial intelligence and robotics in particular. As well, the nature of the problem, as revealed below, will make evident its importance in the field of logical evaluation of natural language arg...

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Since the term was coined by Ohsawa, Chance Discovery has become an active research area. The Chance Discovery research is involved in the following two basic questions: how to define a chance and how to discover chances. Abe actually have answered these two questions by introducing Abductive Reasoning (AR) and then extending to Abductive Analogical Reasoning (AAR). His explanation is very clos...

Philosophical perspectives are worldviews that define the nature of the world, the individual’s place in it, and the possible relationships to that world and its parts. Learning and instructional theories are developed with respect to a particular set of assumptions regarding what it means to know and learn. It is our contention that when situational variables require some decision on the part ...

The historical development of concepts of causality in philosophy is described. Since the Enlightenment and the growth of science, exponents of the two most important concepts, determinism and teleology, have been in conflict. At the inception of psychoanalysis at the end of the nineteenth century this conflict was particularly intense. It was the cause of the first major schism in psychoanalys...

Struktualisme as a philosophical school language used for the interpretationof text, so that text is not only understood religious doctrinethat brings doctrines to be followed by full worship and completeobedience. But studied, analyzed diamlakan ajaranya adoctrine adhered to, but rather awareness consciousness of thisis expected arouse humanity spirituality religion. In addition,the orientatio...

Most contemporary clinical reasoning tests typically assess non-automatic thinking. Therefore, a test is needed to measure automatic reasoning or pattern recognition, which has been largely neglected in clinical reasoning tests. The Puzzle Test (PT) is dedicated to assess automatic clinical reasoning in routine situations. This test has been introduced first in 2009 by Monajemi et al in the Oly...

Phenomenology is a philosophical discipline aiming to analyze and examine subjective experience. Since the formulation of basic principles this tradition, phenomenology has been closely associated with psychiatry. Bearing that person psychopathological experiences object psychiatry, can provide an adequate framework for understanding such experiences. In paper, we show how conceptually methodol...

In this study, I examine conceptualizations of memory in classical Chinese philosophical texts with the purpose encouraging inclusion ideas non-Western cultures studies. The selected for study are Kongzi’s Analects, Mengzi, Xici commentary on Book Changes, Zhuangzi, and Xunzi. Methodologically, differentiate between mnemic process its goal. My point departure is complementary relation that mark...