In this paper we claim that meaningful representations can be learned by programs, although today they are almost always designed by skilled engineers. We discuss several kinds of meaning that representations might have, and focus on a functional notion of meaning as appropriate for programs to learn. Speci cally, a representation is meaningful if it incorporates an indicator of external condit...

My research in computer architecture focuses on interconnection networks for scalable multi-core and distributed processor microarchitectures. Computer architecture bridges the gap between application and device technology. Application workloads have never been more compute intensive, meanwhile device constraints of power, heat, and reliability have recently forced the computer industry to shif...

axiomatics. A main feature of Hilbert’s axiomatization of geometry is that the axiomatic method is presented and practiced in the spirit of the abstract conception of axiomatics that arose at the end of the nineteenth century and which has been generally adopted in modern mathematics. It consists in abstracting from the intuitive meaning of the terms for the kinds of primitive objects (individu...

An assessment of the similarities and differences between space and time has played an important part in the development of the views of a number of philosophers about time. Examples of statements about time are compared with allegedly corresponding statements about space to give us analogies and disanalogies according to whether the statements have the same or different truth values. But now w...

Discussions of aposematism traditionally have focused on the visual displays of prey that denote unpalatability or toxicity to predators. However, the construct of aposematism accommodates a spectrum of unprofitable traits signaled through various sensory modalities, including contact and distance chemoreception. Aposematism, involving learned aversions by signal receivers or selection for thei...

3 days before his 68th birthday. He began his career as a physician working in a low-income community in Boston, Massachusetts. In 1978–1980 he and his wife Andy, a nurse, went to a newly independent Mozambique, where he served as a volunteer chief of medicine at the Central Hospital in Beira. After returning to Boston, he continued to practice family medicine, and he also enrolled in a master’...

The problem is to identify a probability associated with a set of natural numbers, given an infinite data sequence of elements from the set. If the given sequence is drawn i.i.d. and the probability mass function involved (the target) belongs to a computably enumerable (c.e.) or co-computably enumerable (co-c.e.) set of computable probability mass functions, then there is an algorithm to almost...

The study reported in this article aims at empirically testing a theoretical model of collaborative knowledge building with wikis which was recently introduced by Cress and Kimmerle (2007; in press). This model assumes that individual learning and collaborative knowledge building are based on the interplay between people’s knowledge and the information available in the wiki. This interplay take...

This chapter describes, following the historical development, the investigation of large cardinal hypotheses using the method of forcing. Large cardinal hypotheses, also regarded as strong axioms of infinity, have stimulated a vast mainstream of modern set theory, and William Mitchell’s chapter in this volume deals with their investigation through inner models, Menachem Kojman’s chapter with th...